Explanation

• Newton's Second Law of motion explains the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration
• Through the equation F = ma, which states that the acceleration of an object
• It is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
• This means a greater force produces greater acceleration,
• While a greater mass results in less acceleration for the same force.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Beta radiation consists of high-speed electrons emitted from the nucleus.
• These are produced during beta decay of unstable atoms.
• They are more penetrating than alpha but less than gamma radiation.
• Beta radiation can be stopped by thin metal sheets (like aluminum).

Last verified on 06-05-2026

Explanation

• Intrinsic semiconductor is pure silicon or germanium.
• Doping changes its conductivity by adding impurities.
• Phosphorus is a Group V element (has 5 valence electrons).
• It donates extra electrons when added to silicon.
• So it increases negative charge carriers (electrons).

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• The Hall Effect occurs when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current-carrying conductor.
• It produces a measurable Hall voltage.
• This effect gives important information about charge carriers in a material.
• It helps identify type, number, and motion of carriers.
• So it is widely used in solid-state physics.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• An isothermal process occurs at constant temperature.
• For an ideal gas, internal energy depends only on temperature.
• So in isothermal process, change in internal energy is zero (ΔU = 0).
• From first law: Q = W.
• Heat supplied is completely converted into work.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle relates position and momentum.
• It states that Δx × Δp ≥ ħ/2.
• Position uncertainty (Δx) and momentum uncertainty (Δp) are inversely related.
• If one decreases, the other must increase.
• So precision in position reduces precision in momentum.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Heat transfer by conduction depends on thermal conductivity of material.
• Copper is a very good conductor of heat, while glass is a poor conductor.
• Both rods have same length and same temperature difference.
• So the deciding factor is only thermal conductivity (k).
• Higher k → faster energy transfer.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Internal energy is the total microscopic energy of gas molecules.
• In an ideal gas, only kinetic energy of molecules is considered.
• So it depends only on temperature.
• Higher temperature means higher internal energy.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• In β⁻ decay, a neutron converts into a proton.
• So, the number of protons increases by 1.
• Therefore, atomic number Z increases by 1.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

Kinetic energy gained by electron:

KE = eV

For 150 V:

KE = 150 eV

In joules:

1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

KE = 150 × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

Last verified on 22-05-2026