Explanation

Role of the first arriving rescuer or EMT in a mass-casualty incident

The first responder saves lives, ensures safety, and organizes care until full help arrives.

They will follow these instructions:

• Assesses the scene for safety.

• Triages patients to identify who needs urgent care.

• Provides basic life-saving care such as CPR and stopping bleeding.

• Calls for backup and assists with evacuating patients.

• Communicates and documents patient status for the team.

  
  

  Last updated question01  March 2026

Explanation

Initial Steps of High-Quality CPR

Ensure Scene Safety:

• Check the area for dangers (traffic, electricity, fire) to protect yourself and the patient.

Check for Responsiveness:

• Tap the patient's shoulders and shout, "Are you OK?".

Activate Emergency Response (Call emergency services):

• If the patient does not respond, immediately call emergency services (or instruct a bystander to) and get an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available.

Assess Breathing and Pulse:

• Check for breathing (look for normal chest rise/fall) and a carotid pulse simultaneously for no more than 10 seconds.
• If there is no pulse or breathing, or only gasping (agonal breathing), start CPR.

Position the Patient:

• Place the person on their back on a firm, flat surface. 

Last updated question01  March 2026

Explanation

• Serves as the primary entry point for air, filtering out particles, adding moisture, and warming the air to body temperature.

• Acting as the main conducting airways (windpipe and branches), these structures carry air from the upper respiratory tract into the lungs.

• The terminal, microscopic air sacs in the lungs, where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exits

Last updated question01  March 2026

Explanation

There are Two types of vitamins

1. Water soluble

2. Fat soluble

Explanation

Explanation

RICE formula is used in injury.

• R for Rest
• I for Ice
• C for Compression
• E for Elevation

Explanation

There are several types of intravenous (I/V) fluids, and they are classified based on their composition and how they affect the body. The main types are:

1. Crystalloids
   These types of fluids contain water, electrolytes, and sometimes glucose. Examples include normal saline, Ringer’s lactate, and Dextrose solutions.

2. Colloids
   These types of fluids contain larger molecules such as proteins or starches. Examples include albumin, dextran, and hydroxyethyl starch.

3. Blood Products
   These fluids are used to replace blood or blood components. Examples include whole blood, plasma, platelets, and red blood cells.

Explanation

Question:

 What are antioxidants and why are they used in foods? Write a short note on natural and synthetic antioxidants. (5 amrks)

Antioxidants:
Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidative damage in cells, thus extending the shelf life and quality of foods.

Natural vs. Synthetic:
Natural antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, E) are derived from plants, while synthetic ones (e.g., BHA, BHT) are lab-made; both help preserve food freshness but vary in sources and stability.

Explanation

NOTE: The question has 4 parts each part of the question contains 5 marks

Question: (a) What is the difference between fog and smog? What are the causes of smog and its effects on human health? Write a short note on one of the latest technologies to eliminate smog and avoid atmospheric pollution. (5)

Difference between Fog and Smog:
Fog is a natural weather phenomenon caused by condensed water vapor, while smog is a type of air pollution formed from pollutants, mainly from vehicles and industry.

Causes of Smog:
Smog is caused by emissions from vehicles, factories,

Effects on Human Health:
Smog can cause respiratory issues, eye irritation

Latest Technology to Eliminate Smog:
Photocatalytic materials, such as titanium dioxide coatings

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(b)What is the role of oxygen-demanding wastes in water pollution? How it can be prevented? (5)

Role in Water Pollution:
Oxygen-demanding wastes, like organic matter from sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge, consume oxygen in water as they decompose.

Reducing pollution sources by treating wastewater, promoting sustainable agriculture

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(c)What is the biosphere? Write a note on the ‘Energy Resources’ available in the biosphere. (5)

The biosphere is the global ecological system that includes all living organisms and their interactions with the Earth's atmosphere, land, and water. Energy resources in the biosphere include solar energy, wind, water, and biomass, which are vital for sustaining life and ecosystems.

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(d)What are the different layers of the atmosphere? On what basis these layers are classified? In which layer ‘Auroras’ are formed and where do satellites orbit? (5)

The atmosphere consists of five layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, classified based on temperature gradients and altitude.

Auroras form in the thermosphere, while satellites typically orbit in the exosphere.