Explanation

The aims of first aid are to:  

- Preserve life  

- Prevent further injury  

- Promote recovery  

- Relieve pain  

- Arrange early transport to medical facility  

Treating on spot immediately is not always the goal—especially if the situation is unstable or professional care is required.

The focus is on stabilizing the patient until expert help is available.

Explanation

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) is the emergency procedure that combines:

- Artificial circulation (chest compressions)  

- Artificial ventilation (rescue breaths)

It is used to maintain blood flow and oxygenation in a person who has gone into cardiac arrest.

Explanation

 Wash with clean water thoroughly.

The immediate first aid for chemical splash in the eye is:

- Irrigate the eye with clean, running water for at least 15–20 minutes.

- This helps to flush out the chemical and minimize damage.

Explanation

 Wash with clean water thoroughly.

The immediate first aid for chemical splash in the eye is:

- Irrigate the eye with clean, running water for at least 15–20 minutes.

- This helps to flush out the chemical and minimize damage.

Explanation

Placing a head injury patient with the head side down can increase intracranial pressure, which is dangerous.

Correct first aid steps for suspected head injury:

- Secure the airway (B)

- Roll to side only if vomiting or airway compromise is suspected (A)

- Keep head slightly elevated (D) to reduce intracranial pressure and improve venous return

Explanation

The most effective immediate first aid for burns is to cool the burn with running water (preferably cool, not ice-cold) for at least 10-20 minutes.

This helps:

- Reduce skin temperature  

- Prevent burn progression  

- Relieve pain

Explanation

The first aid for epistaxis (nosebleed) includes:

- Sitting upright and leaning slightly forward

- Pinching the soft part of the nose for 5–10 minutes

- Applying a cold compress on the nose or forehead may help, but pinching the nose is the most effective method to stop bleeding.

Explanation

In cases of trauma or suspected spinal injury, the jaw thrust maneuver is the preferred method to open the airway without moving the neck, as neck movement could worsen a cervical spine injury.

- A. Neck extension — Risky in trauma, may cause spinal damage  

- B. Neck flexion — Not used to open the airway  

- C. Chin lift — Used when no spinal injury is suspected  

- D. Jaw thrust —  Safest and recommended in trauma cases with possible neck injury

Explanation

During adult CPR, effective chest compressions should depress the chest by at least 2 inches (5 cm) but not more than 2.4 inches (6 cm).

This depth helps maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs.

- A. 1 inch — Too shallow for effective circulation.  

- C & D. 3 or 4 inches — Too deep and may cause injury. 

Explanation

In case of severe bright red bleeding (which suggests arterial bleeding), the most important first aid step is to apply direct pressure to the wound using any clean cloth or dressing.

This helps control bleeding until medical help is available.

Other options:

- B. Rinsing is for minor wounds, not active arterial bleeding.  

- C. Ice may help reduce bleeding but is not a substitute for direct pressure.  

- D. Hanging the hand down increases bleeding due to gravity and must be avoided.