Explanation

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed.
• They are mainly made of proteins.
• They are highly specific to their reactions.

Additional information:

• Some enzymes require cofactors like vitamins or metal ions to function.
• Examples: Amylase (breaks starch), Lipase (breaks fats), Protease (breaks proteins).

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• The process of removing excess sodium from saline or alkaline soils to improve fertility is called desodication.
• It helps make the soil suitable for agriculture by reducing soil alkalinity.
• Methods include gypsum application and leaching with good quality water.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Plants that have soft, green, non-woody stems and do not develop hard wood are called herbaceous plants.
• These plants usually live for one or a few years and include many vegetables, flowers, and grasses.
• Examples: Wheat, Sunflower, Spinach, Rose (herbaceous part), Marigold

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Some plants develop swollen underground stems to store food and ensure asexual propagation.
• These structures are known as tubers.
• It help the plant survive unfavorable conditions.

Additional information:

• Potato → most common tuber crop
• Yam → tropical tuber crop

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Tomato is a widely grown vegetable with many improved varieties for yield, taste, and disease resistance.
• Money Maker, Roma, and Red Top are some popular tomato varieties.

Additional information:

• Scientific name → Solanum lycopersicum
• Grown in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Harvest period → 70–90 days from transplanting
• Nutritional value → rich in vitamin C and lycopene

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Ladybird beetle (Coccinellidae) → feeds on aphids, mites, and small soft-bodied insects.
• Organic farmers rely on natural predators to reduce pest damage.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Legumes → plants with pods containing seeds, e.g., peanuts, lentils, chickpeas.

Additional information:

• Scientific name → Arachis hypogaea
• Nutritional value → high protein and oil content
• Major producing countries → China, India, USA, Pakistan

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Tobacco is a crop grown in specific seasons depending on temperature and rainfall.
• In Pakistan, it is cultivated as a Zaid–Rabi crop, meaning it is sown in the Zaid season and harvested in Rabi season.

Additional information:

• Major producing areas → Punjab, Sindh
• Soil preference → well-drained sandy loam
• Uses → cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Root crops → crops where the edible part is the root or tuber, e.g., potato, carrot, turnip.
• Fiber crops → grown for fibre (e.g., cotton, flax).
• Sugar crops → grown for sugar (e.g., sugarcane, sugar beet).

Additional information:

• Potato → Solanum tuberosum
• Carrot → Daucus carota
• Turnip → Brassica rapa
• Radish → Raphanus sativus
• Sweet potato → Ipomoea batatas

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• In dairy animals, the health of mammary glands is crucial for milk production.
• Inflammation of mammary glands reduces milk yield and affects quality.
• This condition is medically known as mastitis.

Last verified on 11-02-2026