Explanation

1. Rice
2. Sugarcane
3. Cotton
4. Maize
5. Bajra
6. Jowar

• Start: April – June
• End: September – October

• Sowing: October – December
• Harvesting: March – May

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Viticulture specifically refers to grape cultivation.
• Uses of grapes: Fresh fruit, juice, wine, raisins

Additional information:

• Pomology → study and cultivation of fruits in general
• Olericulture → cultivation of vegetables

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Nocturnal insects are active at night.
• Examples include moths, crickets, and many beetles.

Additional information:

• Diurnal insects: Active during the day (e.g., butterflies, bees)
• Crepuscular insects: Active at dawn and dusk (e.g., mosquitoes, some moths)

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

Loose smut is a fungal disease that affects wheat.

Additional information:

Major wheat fungal diseases:

• Loose smut – Ustilago tritici
• Leaf rust – Puccinia triticina
• Stem rust – Puccinia graminis
• Stripe rust – Puccinia striiformis
• Karnal bunt – Tilletia indica

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• CIMMYT stands for International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
• It is a global agricultural research organization.

Additional information:

• Headquarters: El Batán, Mexico
• Founded: 1966

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Citrus fruits are rich in Vitamin C, which is essential for immunity.
• Vitamin C also helps in wound healing, collagen formation, and iron absorption.
• Citrus fruits include oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) is a serious disease affecting rice crops.
• It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Additional information:

• Rice Blast – Magnaporthe oryzae
• Sheath Blight – Rhizoctonia solani
• Brown Spot – Cochliobolus miyabeanus
• Tungro Virus – viral disease

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Imbibition is the absorption of water by seeds or dry plant tissues.
• It causes swelling of the seed and initiates germination.

Additional information:

• Imbibition generates pressure called imbibitional pressure, which can crack hard seed coats.
• It is the first step in seed germination before water uptake by osmosis.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• The total depth of water needed by a crop during its entire growth period.
• It ensures the crop receives enough water for optimal growth from sowing to harvest.
• This total water requirement is called Delta.

Additional information:

• Delta varies depending on crop type, climate, and soil texture.
• It is measured in millimeters or cubic meters per hectare.

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

Treatment Name: Hot Water Treatment (HWT)

Temperature Used: ~48°C to 55°C

Treatment Time: 5–10 minutes

Main Disease Prevented: Anthracnose (fungal disease)

Exports Affected Crops: Mango, banana, papaya, citrus

Additional information:

• Anthracnose is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Last verified on 23-01-2026