Explanation

Chlorination of toluene in the presence of AlCl₃ (a Lewis acid catalyst) gives p-chloro toluene by electrophilic substitution on the benzene ring.

Chlorination with UV light instead causes substitution in the side chain, not on the ring.

Explanation

Phenol is more acidic than ethanol because its conjugate base (phenoxide ion) is stabilized by resonance.

In ethanol, no such resonance stabilization occurs, making it less acidic.

Explanation

Difference in electronegativity = 4.0 – 1.2 = 2.8

Using Pauling’s formula, a large difference means more ionic nature.

A difference of about 2.8 gives nearly 73% ionic character — so the bond is mostly ionic.

Explanation

Both H₂O and SnCl₂ have a bent (V-shaped) molecular geometry.

This is due to the presence of two bonding pairs and one or two lone pairs on the central atom, causing angular shape.

Explanation

The longest continuous chain contains 7 carbons (hept-), with the double bond at carbon 3 → hept-3-ene.

An ethyl group is attached at carbon 4, giving 4-ethylhept-3-ene.

Explanation

The compound CH₃(CH₂)₄CH(CH₃)₂ has a longest chain of 7 carbons (heptane).

When numbered from the end nearest the branch, the methyl group is on carbon 2.

Hence, the correct IUPAC name is 2-methylheptane.

Explanation

Volatility decreases with increasing intermolecular forces.

Glycerol has strong hydrogen bonding, making it the least volatile compared to diethyl ether, water, and acetic acid.

Explanation

Bond energy decreases as the bond length increases.

H–Cl has the shortest bond and highest bond energy, followed by H–Br, and H–I has the longest bond with the lowest bond energy.

Explanation

This reaction is endothermic in the forward direction.

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, increasing temperature favors the formation of products in an endothermic reaction, thus increasing the value of Kc.

Explanation

Tertiary (3°) alcohols dehydrate fastest because the formation of a stable carbocation is easier.

Secondary (2°) alcohols are slower, and primary (1°) alcohols are the slowest.