Explanation

• Cotton has medium sensitivity to water stress.

Additional information:

Sensitivity of major crops to water stress:

• Rice – High
• Wheat – Medium
• Sugarcane – Low
• Maize – High

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Hybrid varieties of maize are developed by crossing two genetically different parent lines.
• They give higher yield, better uniformity, and disease resistance compared to open-pollinated varieties.

Additional information:

• Hybrid maize varieties: Sarhad White, FH-810
• Non-hybrid variety: Golden (open-pollinated)

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Ovicides are pesticides specifically used to kill or control insect eggs before they hatch.
• They help break the life cycle of insects at the earliest stage.

Additional information:

• Ovicides: Act on insect eggs
• Larvicides: Act on larvae (young stage)
• Adulticides: Act on adult insects

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation system where plants grow in nutrient-rich water.
• Requires water, dissolved fertilizers, and light for growth.
• Soil is not used; plants are supported by inert media or water alone.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizers through an irrigation system.
• Ensures nutrients reach plant roots efficiently.
• Commonly used in drip and sprinkler irrigation systems.

Additional information:

• Reduces nutrient loss due to leaching.
• Promotes better growth and higher yields.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Rainfed areas depend entirely on rainfall for crop growth.
• The main problem is irregular or insufficient rainfall, leading to water scarcity for crops.

Additional information:

• Farmers in rainfed areas often use drought-resistant crops and soil moisture conservation techniques to cope with water scarcity.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Sprinkler irrigation applies water uniformly like rainfall using pipes and sprinklers.
• It is most suitable for undulating or uneven land where flood irrigation is difficult.

Additional information:

• Sprinkler irrigation is also efficient in water use.
• It can be used for high-value crops like vegetables, cotton, and maize.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Sugarcane pyrilla is a major pest of sugarcane in Pakistan.
• It damages plants by sucking sap from leaves and stems, weakening the crop.

Additional information:

Common sugarcane pests and their feeding types:

• Sugarcane pyrilla – sucking
• White grub – chewing
• Sugarcane stem borer – boring/biting
• Termites – chewing
• Aphids – sucking

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Red rot is a serious fungal disease of sugarcane.
• Caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum.
• It leads to reddening and rotting of the cane stalk, reducing yield and sugar content.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• The best irrigation method for orchards and row crops is drip irrigation.
• It delivers water directly to the root zone of each plant, reducing wastage.
• Widely used in areas with limited water availability.

Last verified on 25-01-2026