Explanation

• Hiryali is an agriculture-based program on PTV Home.
• It provides information, guidance, and tips to farmers and general viewers on crop production and modern farming techniques.

Additional information:

• Programs like Hiryali help spread awareness about modern agricultural practices in Pakistan.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Agriculture helplines can provide technical advice on crop management and marketing support for selling produce.
• Helplines that offer both services help farmers improve yield and income.

Additional information:

• Technical helpline: Guidance on fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, pest control
• Marketing helpline: Crop pricing, market trends, buyer contacts

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Olive, nuts, and avocado are rich sources of healthy fats and oils.
• These fats provide energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Additional information:

• These foods also provide antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making them heart-healthy.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Farm size, soil quality, and water availability are examples of situational variables.

Additional information:

• Personal variables – Age, experience, education of farmer
• Psychological variables – Motivation, attitudes, beliefs
• Environmental variables – Climate, pests, temperature
• Economic variables – Market prices, input costs

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) is widely used to reclaim sodic and saline soils.
• It replaces sodium ions with calcium ions in the soil, improving structure.
• Helps in reducing soil alkalinity and increasing crop productivity.

Additional information:

Other Soil Amendments (4 examples):

1. Lime (CaCO₃) – for acidic soils
2. Sulphur – lowers soil pH
3. Organic manure – improves fertility
4. Compost – enhances soil structure

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Aphids are sap-sucking pests that damage wheat by reducing nutrients and spreading diseases.
• Their attack is most critical during the tillering stage when the plant is developing multiple shoots.

Additional information:

• Germination stage: Plants are too small for significant damage
• Flowering stage: Aphid damage is less critical, though still undesirable

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Secondary tillage involves refining and leveling the soil after primary tillage.
• It prepares a fine, smooth seedbed suitable for uniform seed germination.

Additional information:

• A well-prepared seedbed ensures better seed-to-soil contact and higher crop emergence.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Per capita water availability in Pakistan is decreasing by 400pc.
• Due to population growth and diminishing water resources.
• This leading to increased concerns over water scarcity.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colors in plants.
• In citrus fruits, they give the red or reddish-orange hue to the peel or flesh.

Additional information:

• Anthocyanins also act as antioxidants, beneficial for human health.

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Basmati 515 is a high-yielding and improved variety of Basmati rice developed in Pakistan.
• It is known for long grains, aroma, and resistance to lodging.

Additional information:

• Basmati 515 is suitable for Punjab and Sindh regions.