Explanation

- Brewster’s angle is the angle of incidence at which reflected light becomes completely polarized.

- At this angle, the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other.

- It’s given by:  

  tan(θₚ) = n₂/n₁,  

  where θₚ is Brewster’s angle.

Explanation

A metaphor directly compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as".  

Example: "Time is a thief." — Time is not literally a thief, but it's being described as if it is one.

Explanation

In simple harmonic motion (SHM), the restoring force is given by:

F = -kx

Where:  

- F is the restoring force  

- k is the spring constant  

- x is the displacement from the equilibrium position  

The restoring force is minimum when displacement x = 0, i.e., at the equilibrium position.

Explanation

- In SHM, the restoring force always acts towards the equilibrium position, trying to bring the object back.

- Displacement is away from equilibrium, so they are in opposite directions.

- This relationship is given by F = -kx, where:

  - F = restoring force  

  - x = displacement  

  - – sign shows they are in opposite directions.

Explanation

Definition:

Absolute zero is the temperature at which a system has the minimum possible energy and all thermal motion of particles ceases. 

On the Celsius Scale:

This point corresponds to -273.15 degrees Celsius. 

On the Kelvin Scale:

The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale where absolute zero is set as 0 K. 

Explanation

- When half of the reactants are converted to products, the concentration of products and reactants becomes equal at equilibrium.

- So, the numerator and denominator of the equilibrium expression are equal.

- Therefore, Kc = 1, which means the system is balanced between forward and reverse reactions.

Explanation

Explanation

Boyle's law holds when the temperature is constant and the amount of gas (number of moles) remains fixed in a closed system.

The law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume under these conditions

Meaning that if the temperature and mass of the gas don't change

The product of pressure and volume will remain constant (PV = k)

Explanation

To find the energy stored in a capacitor, we use the formula:

E=1/2​CV^2

Where:

• $\mathrm{<br>}$

• $V=100\text{V}$

Calculation:

$$E = frac{1}{2} times 4 times 10^{-6} times (100)^2$$E=1/2​×4×10^−6×10000
E=2×10^−6×10000

$$=0.02\text{J}$$

Explanation

A farad (F) is the standard unit of capacitance (C) in the International System of Units (SI).

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The SI unit of energy/work is the joule (J)