Explanation

• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 (Kyoto, Japan).
• It is linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• Its main goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• This helps in controlling global warming and climate change.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• It explains the relationship between labour input and real GDP.
• When other factors (capital, technology) remain constant, output depends on labour.
• This relationship is called the production function.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• The full idiom is "Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned".
• It means that a woman who has been wronged or rejected can be extremely angry or vengeful.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

Real GDP = Nominal GDP / (GDP deflator / 100)  

Real GDP = 5 / (125/100) = 5 / 1.25 = $4 trillion

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

Total cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost  

$6,000 = Fixed cost + $5,000  

Fixed cost = $6,000 - $5,000 = $1,000

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

At 10% per year for 3 years:

PV = FV / (1.10)³  

1.10³ = 1.331

So Rs. 1,331 in 3 years → PV = 1331 / 1.331 = Rs. 1,000

True statement: The present value of Rs. 1,331 in three years’ time is Rs. 1,000

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• Real variables measure quantities adjusted for price changes.
• They reflect actual production, income, and living standards.
• Examples include real GDP, real wages, and employment.
• They are different from nominal variables (which include prices).
• Real variables determine the standard of living.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• Marginal utility theory explains satisfaction from consuming goods.
• As a person consumes less of a good, each unit becomes more valuable.
• This follows the law of diminishing marginal utility (reverse case).
• Scarcity of a liked good increases its importance.
• Therefore, marginal utility rises when consumption decreases.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• The Lerner index measures monopoly power.
• It shows how much price exceeds marginal cost.
• When demand is more elastic, consumers are more sensitive to price.
• Firms cannot charge high markups in this case.
• So, the Lerner index becomes lower.

Last verified on 22-04-2026

Explanation

• A recessionary gap occurs when actual output is below potential output.
• There is excess supply of labour → unemployment is high.
• In the long run, wages adjust downward.
• Lower wages reduce costs and shift supply.
• This leads to falling prices and falling unemployment.

Last verified on 22-04-2026