Explanation

• Battle of Yarmouk: Fought between the Byzantine Empire and Muslim forces under Khalid bin Waleed.
• Dates: August 15 to August 20, 636 AD.
• Location: Near the Yarmouk River.
• Caliphate: During the reign of Hazrat Umar (RA).
• Result: Decisive victory for the Muslims, marking the end of Byzantine rule in Syria.

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Muawiya I (RA) became the first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• He assumed power after the period of Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA).
• Umayyad rule: 661 – 750 AD
• First Caliph: Muawiya I (661–680 AD)
• Last Caliph: Marwan II (744–750 AD)
• Birth: 602 AD (Mecca)
• Death: 680 AD (Damascus

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan established Damascus (Dimashq) as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• This happened after the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• Damascus became the political center of the Islamic empire during his rule.
• He ruled from 661–680 AD.

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• The conqueror of Spain was Tariq ibn Ziyad.
• He led the Muslim army in 711 AD and began the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
• He defeated the Visigothic ruler King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete.
• His landing place is famously known as Jabal al-Tariq (Gibraltar).

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• Imad al-Din Zangi was a famous ruler of the 12th century.
• He was the founder of the Zengid dynasty and a strong military commander.
• He played an important role in fighting the Crusaders.
• He is best known as a great General.

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was a just ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• He ruled from 717 to 720 A.D.
• He died in 720 A.D (101 A.H) at the age of 39 years.
• Known as the 5th Rightly Guided Caliph due to his justice and reforms.

Last verified on 02-04-2026

Explanation

The Abbasid overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE, supporting the Mawali, or non-Arab Muslims, by moving the capital to Baghdad in 762 CE. 

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Remember Tips

یاد کرنے کے لیے

1. Rashidin -30 years
2. Umayyad -100 years
3. Abbasid - 500 years
4. Ottoman Empire - 600 years

Explanation

The Treaty of Sèvres was signed in August 10, 1920.

It was an agreement between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

The treaty aimed to divide Ottoman territories and limit its power.

Additional Details / Facts

It was never fully implemented due to the Turkish War of Independence.

Later replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Key loss for the Ottoman Empire included lands in the Middle East and Anatolia.

Explanation

The Umayyad Dynasty was overthrown and its rule in the Islamic Caliphate ended in 750 CE.

When the Abbasid Revolution successfully ousted them;

Umayyad rule continued in Spain (as the Emirate/Caliphate of Córdoba) until 1031 CE. 

Explanation

The first Abbasid caliph, al-Saffāḥ , ordered the elimination of the entire Umayyad clan;

The only Umayyad of note who escaped was ʿAbd al-Raḥman, who made his way to Spain and established an Umayyad dynasty that lasted until 1031.

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Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate.

It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.

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Remember Tips

یاد کرنے کے لیے

1. Rashidin -30 years
2. Umayyad -100 years
3. Abbasid - 500 years
4. Ottoman Empire - 600 years