Explanation

Article 19, Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 embodies the Doctrine of Res gestae.

It makes facts connected with the main issue and forming part of the same transaction relevant, even if not directly in issue.

Explanation

As per Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 (Article 17), in financial or future obligations reduced to writing, proper attestation requires two men, or one man and two women.

This is based on the principle that one woman may remind the other if she forgets.

Explanation

Explanation

Primary evidence is the original document itself presented before the Court.

Secondary evidence includes certified copies, reproductions, or oral accounts of the document’s contents.

Explanation

Oral evidence is generally admissible for facts in a case, but not for the contents of a document. The contents of a document must be proven by primary (the original document itself) or, in specific circumstances, secondary evidence.

Article 70 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, explicitly states this exclusion. It says, "All facts, except the contents of documents, may be proved by oral evidence".

The document is the best evidence of its own contents. This is a fundamental principle of evidence law. Oral testimony about what a document says is not considered reliable or admissible, as documents speak for themselves. 

Explanation

Article 163(1) of Qanoon-e-Shahadat requires the defendant to deny the plaintiff’s claim on oath when requested by the plaintiff.

This ensures the defendant formally responds to the claim under oath, giving the court a basis for judgment.

Explanation

Article 39, Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 safeguards against coerced confessions.

Confessions made in police custody are inadmissible unless recorded before a magistrate.

Explanation

Article 9 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, deals with the principle of attorney-client privilege, covering professional communications.

It protects confidential communications between an advocate and their client during the course of their professional relationship. 

Explanation

Article 3, Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 sets conditions for competence to testify.

A person is incompetent if convicted of perjury, unable to understand questions, or unable to give rational answers due to age or disease.

Explanation