Explanation

Deontological ethics focuses on duty, rules, and moral obligations.

It judges actions based on whether they adhere to a universal moral code, not just outcomes.

Key philosopher: Immanuel Kant.

Explanation

• A land Tax imposed on the non-Muslim cultivator and landlords was known as Kharag.
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• Kharāj (Arabic: خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its products, developed under Islamic law. 
• Kharaj was originally a property tax paid only by non-Muslims, but Muslims had to pay a "tithe".
• But finally, the term  Kharaj refers to all taxes paid to Islamic authorities.
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• The list of taxes imposed under Firoz Shah Tughlaq is as follows: Kharaj: land tax which was equal to one-tenth of the produce of the land.
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• Jizyah, historically, a tax paid by certain non-Muslim minorities to rulers in Muslim states.
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• VU FIA UDC CONSTABLE PAST PAPER 31-12-2021

Explanation

A person who reads the Kalima of Islam verbally and calls himself Muslim but disbelieves it heartily is called a “Hypocrite” (Munafiq).

Munafiq is a person who in public and in the community shows that he is a Muslim but rejects Islam 

In Islam, the munafiq or false Muslims or false believers.

The hypocrisy itself is called nifāq (نفاق).

Explanation

 The charge of adultery in Islam, under Pakistani law, is primarily dealt with under Hadd punishment under Hudood Ordinance, specifically the "Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979". 

Explanation

Customs and traditions are deeply rooted in a society's history, beliefs, and practices.

They serve as a way to transmit cultural values, knowledge, and history from one generation to the next.

They also contribute to a sense of belonging, community, and identity.

Following traditions and customs helps people connect to their roots and maintain a continuity of culture

Explanation

Sunday is the main day of worship for Christians, commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

It is observed with church services and prayers in most Christian traditions.

Explanation

Immanuel Kant was a renowned German philosopher of the 18th century.

He is best known for his work in ethics and epistemology, especially the Critique of Pure Reason.

Explanation

In Guru Nanak's teachings, the supreme being is referred to as “Sat”, meaning Truth.

The opening verse of the Guru Granth Sahib starts with “Ik Onkar, Sat Naam” meaning “There is One God, His name is Truth.”

Explanation

Mahavira practiced extreme asceticism and wandered naked through forests and villages for 12 years.

This period was devoted to meditation, self-discipline, and spiritual awakening.

Explanation

Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara and founder of Jainism, was born as Vardhamana.

He later renounced worldly life to seek spiritual enlightenment.