Explanation

• The Partition of Bengal was carried out on 16-10-1905 by Lord Curzon.
• Bengal was divided into East Bengal & Assam and West Bengal.
• The main purpose was administrative efficiency, but it had political effects.
• It created strong opposition from Hindus and support from many Muslims.
• The partition was later reversed in 1911.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)

• Also known as the Indus Civilisation.
• A Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia.
• Existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
• Reached its mature phase between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

• “Dauntless” means fearless, which shows courage.
• So the relationship is quality → state/trait.
• “Unruffled” means calm and not disturbed.
• It reflects the quality of composure.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in 1919 was a peaceful protest.
• People were protesting against the Rowlatt Act.
• The Act allowed arrest without trial and strict control over Indians.
• It also protested the arrest of leaders like Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal.
• The protest led to the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre (13 April 1919).

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan and Iran signed the gas supply agreement in 2009.
• The deal was part of the Iran-Pakistan (IP) Gas Pipeline Project.
• Under this agreement, Iran would supply 750 million cubic feet gas per day.
• The project aimed to overcome Pakistan’s energy crisis.
• It was a major step in regional energy cooperation.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) regulates oil and gas pricing in Pakistan.
• It reviews and recommends petroleum prices.
• OGRA ensures transparency and fair pricing mechanism.
• It works under the Government of Pakistan.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Article 35A was revoked on 5 August 2019 by the Government of India.
• The move was widely viewed as enabling demographic changes in Kashmir.
• It removed special rights related to residency and property ownership.
• The decision was linked with revocation of Article 370.
• It created significant political and regional tensions.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• An agreement on the demarcation of boundaries was concluded between Pakistan and China in the year on 2 March 1963.
• Pak china's boundary line was demarcated during the era of Ayyub Khan.
• This agreement called The Sino-Pakistan Agreement.
• The Sino-Pakistan Agreement is a 1963 document between the governments of Pakistan and China establishing the border between those countries in the disputed Kashmir region.

The agreement was signed by: 

• China: Marshal Chen Yi, Plenipotentiary of the Government of the People's Republic of China
• Pakistan: Z. Ali Bhutto, Plenipotentiary of the Government of Pakistan

Last verified on 30-03-2026

Explanation

• The plains of the Indus River are very fertile and extensive.
• They cover about 20% of Pakistan’s total land area.
• The Indus River is approximately 2900 km long.
• These plains are important for agriculture and population settlement.
• They form the backbone of Pakistan’s irrigation system.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The opposition to the Partition of Bengal (1905) was led by Congress leaders.
• Sir Pherozeshah Mehta was an important early Congress leader.
• He played a key role in mobilizing opposition against British decision.
• The movement led to the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
• It became a major phase of Indian nationalist struggle.

Last verified on 29-04-2026