SPSC ECONOMICS 25 YEARS PAST PAPERS
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چار آپشن میں سے کسی ایک پر کلک کرنے سے جواب سرخ ہو جائے گا۔
جی ڈی پی ڈیفلیٹر کا درست فارمولا کیا ہے؟
- Nominal GDP - (minus) Real GDP
- Nominal GDP + Real GDP
- Nominal GDP / Real GDP
- Real GDP / Nominal GDP
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Explanation
- GDP Deflator measures overall price level in an economy.
- It compares nominal GDP with real GDP.
- It shows how much prices have changed over time.
- It is a key tool for measuring inflation.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
مندرجہ ذیل میں سے کون سا عمل مجموعی طلب کے منحنی کو بائیں طرف منتقل کر سکتا ہے؟
- An increase in the money supply
- Contractionary demand management policies
- Expansionary demand management policies
- An increase in government spending
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Explanation
- The Aggregate Demand (AD) curve shifts left when total spending in the economy decreases.
- This happens due to contractionary (tight) economic policies.
- It leads to lower consumption, investment, and output.
- Result: economic slowdown.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
پیداواری نظریہ میں قلیل مدت سے کیا مراد ہے؟
- Generally less than three years
- Sufficient to adopt new technology
- During which at least one resource is fixed
- When only labour can be varied
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Explanation
- In short run, some inputs are fixed and some are variable.
- Usually, capital (machines, land) is fixed while labour can change.
- Firms can increase output only by changing variable factors.
- This is a temporary production period.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
یکساں مقابلے کی منڈی میں مصنوعات کی تفریق سے کیا مراد ہے؟
- Offering products that are similar but not identical
- Offering identical products to consumers
- Offering unique products with no substitutes
- Offering products at the same price as competitors
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Explanation
- In monopolistic competition, many firms sell similar products.
- But each firm tries to make its product slightly different.
- This is called product differentiation.
- It helps firms create brand loyalty and competition advantage.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
گھٹیا اشیاء وہ اشیاء ہیں جو؟
- Have zero income elasticity
- Have negative income elasticity
- Have less than one but greater than zero Income elasticity
- People have no preference of consuming
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Explanation
- Inferior goods are goods whose demand decreases when income increases.
- They have a negative income elasticity of demand.
- When people become richer, they buy less of these goods.
- Example: low-quality food, cheap transport.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
- Price of X is greater than price of Y
- MUx > MUy
- The household could increase his total utility by consuming more of X and less of Y
- Household is not spending all his income
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Explanation
- Consumers maximize utility when MUx/Px = MUy/Py.
- Here, MUx/Px > MUy/Py means good X gives more satisfaction per rupee.
- So the consumer should buy more X and less Y.
- This increases total utility until equilibrium is reached.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
کاروباری چکر کا وہ مرحلہ جس میں حقیقی جی ڈی پی بڑھ رہا ہو، اسے کیا کہتے ہیں؟
- Expansion
- Peak
- Recession
- Trough
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Explanation
- The business cycle shows economic ups and downs.
- When real GDP is increasing, the economy is growing.
- This upward phase is called expansion.
- It includes rising income, output, and employment.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
کروڈنگ آؤٹ سے کیا مراد ہے؟
- The decrease in private investment that occurs when government borrowing increases
- The increase in private investment that occurs when government borrowing decreases
- The decrease in government spending that occurs when private investment increases
- The increase in government spending that occurs when private investment decreases
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Explanation
- Crowding out is a macroeconomic concept.
- It occurs when government borrows more money from the market.
- This increases interest rates and reduces private investment.
- So, private sector investment is “crowded out” by government borrowing.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
مجموعی قدرِ اضافہ اور خالص قدرِ اضافہ میں فرق کیا ہے؟
- Investment
- Value added
- Production flow
- Depreciation
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Explanation
- Gross Value Added (GVA) includes total value of output before depreciation.
- Net Value Added (NVA) excludes depreciation (wear and tear of capital).
- The difference between them is consumption of fixed capital (depreciation).
- So, depreciation is the key adjustment factor.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
مرکزی بینکاری کے تناظر میں "آخری قرض دہندہ" سے کیا مراد ہے؟
- A bank providing loans to commercial banks during times of financial crisis
- A Commercial bank providing loans to the central bank
- A government agency providing loans to individuals and businesses
- A central bank offering loans to foreign governments
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Explanation
- The Lender of Last Resort is the central bank role.
- It provides emergency funds to commercial banks.
- This happens during financial crisis or liquidity shortage.
- It helps maintain banking system stability.
Last verified on 24-04-2026
