Explanation

• Lepus capensis is the scientific name of the Cape hare.
• It is a fast-running wild hare species.
• Found in Africa, Middle East, and parts of South Asia.
• Lives in grasslands and semi-desert areas.
• Active mostly at night (nocturnal).

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Food adulterants are substances intentionally added to food to increase profit.
• They usually reduce quality and purity.
• Can be harmful to health.
• Considered an illegal and unethical practice.
• Different from food additives, which are added for safety or preservation.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Protopectin is an insoluble stiffening material found in raw fruits and vegetables.
• It makes tissues firm and hard.
• During ripening, protopectin converts into soluble pectin.
• This conversion causes softening of fruits.
• Important in food processing and ripening biology.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Tikka disease is a common fungal disease of groundnut (peanut).
• It is well known in Chakwal region of Pakistan.
• Causes leaf spots and defoliation.
• Leads to reduced yield and poor pod development.
• Spreads mainly in humid conditions.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Most fungal diseases spread in wet and cold conditions.
• High humidity and moisture favor fungal growth and spore germination.
• Common in crops, plants, and stored food.
• Examples include powdery mildew, rust, and blight.
• Proper drainage and ventilation help control fungal spread.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Mushrooms are fungi and belong to Pyronomycetes (a class of fungi).
• They are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms.
• Reproduce through spores.
• Widely used as food and in medicine.
• Grow in moist, shaded environments, often on decaying organic matter.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T).
• Pairing is via two hydrogen bonds.
• Ensures the double helix structure of DNA.
• Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bonds.
• This base pairing rule is called Chargaff’s rule.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• The basic set of chromosomes (x) in wheat is 7.
• Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42).
• Meaning it has 6 sets of 7 chromosomes.
• Important for genetic studies and breeding programs.
• Determines inheritance of traits and hybrid development.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• A variety is a group of plants with similar characteristics approved for general cultivation in a specific ecological zone.
• Developed through selection or breeding.
• Ensures uniform growth, yield, and quality.
• Common in agriculture for crops like wheat, rice, and cotton.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

Pakistan has a variety of soils due to its diverse climate, topography, and river systems.

• Arid soils – found in deserts like Thar and Cholistan, low in organic matter.
• Inceptisols – young soils in mountainous and hilly areas, moderately fertile.
• Entisols – very young soils, found in floodplains and river terraces.

Last verified on 06-02-2026