Explanation

• A virion is the fully developed, infectious form of a virus capable of infecting a host.
• It contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid), sometimes with an envelope.
  

Additional information:

• Capsomere: Protein subunit of the capsid.
• Envelope: Lipid layer around some viruses.
• Prion: Infectious protein.

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• The physical appearance of an organism, such as height, color, or shape, is called phenotype.
• It is the result of the interaction between genotype (genetic makeup) and the environment.

Additional information:

• Examples: Eye color, hair color, leaf shape in plants, body size in animals.
• Genotype refers to the genetic code, not visible traits.

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set.
• It shows the spread or dispersion of the data.
• Formula: Range = Maximum value − Minimum value

Additional information:

• Example Data Set: 4, 7, 10, 15, 20 → Range = 20 − 4 = 16

Other Measures of Central Tendency:

• Mean → Average of values
• Mode → Most frequent value
• Median → Middle value

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Soy sauce is produced by the fermentation of soybeans.
• Microorganisms like Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae are used in the process.
• It is widely used as a flavoring condiment in Asian cuisine.

Additional information:

Other Ingredients in Soy Sauce (5):

1. Wheat (for flavor)
2. Salt
3. Water
4. Lactic acid bacteria
5. Yeast

Types of Soy Sauce: Light, Dark, Tamari

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Ascorbic Acid is commonly known as Vitamin C.
• It is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.
• Prevents scurvy, a disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency.

Additional information:

Sources of Vitamin C (5):

1. Orange
2. Lemon
3. Guava
4. Strawberry
5. Bell pepper

Functions:

• Antioxidant
• Collagen synthesis
• Strengthens immunity

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• The primary step of soil erosion is caused by raindrop impact, known as splash erosion.
• Rain drops dislodge soil particles, starting the erosion process.
• It eventually leads to sheet erosion and rill erosion if uncontrolled.

Additional information:

Factors Increasing Erosion (5):

1. Heavy rainfall
2. Bare soil
3. Slope gradient
4. Deforestation
5. Poor soil structure

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Scarification is the process of breaking seed dormancy by scratching, nicking, or softening the seed coat.
• It helps water and gases penetrate the seed, promoting germination.
• Commonly used for seeds with hard or impermeable coats.

Additional information:

Examples of Scarification (5):

1. Tamarind
2. Acacia
3. Lotus
4. Eucalyptus
5. Morning Glory

Stratification: Breaking dormancy by cold or moist treatment

Germination: The actual sprouting of a seed

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Parent material is the original rock or mineral from which soil develops.
• It is considered a passive factor in soil weathering.
• The type of parent material affects soil texture, mineral content, and fertility.

Additional information:

Examples of Parent Material (5):

1. Granite
2. Limestone
3. Sandstone
4. Basalt
5. Shale

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees
• Founded: 1950
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Purpose: Protection and assistance of refugees
• Won Nobel Peace Prize: 1954

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Trapping of pests comes under mechanical control.
• It involves physical methods to catch or remove pests.

1. Traps
2. Hand picking
3. Netting
4. Barriers
5. Light traps

Last verified on 19-01-2026