Explanation

• Start of Term: 22 November 2005
• End of Term: 8 December 2021
• Total Duration: 16 years
• Rank: Second-longest-serving Chancellor of Germany
• Longest-serving Chancellor: Helmut Kohl (1982–1998, 16 years approx.)

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Scientist: Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884)
• Experiments: Pea plants (Pisum sativum)
• Law Stated: Alleles of different genes assort independently of each other
• Published Year: 1866
• Mendel is known as the: “Father of Genetics”

Other Mendel Laws:

• Law of Segregation
• Law of Dominance

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Chinese FM: Wang Yi
• Event: 48th OIC Council of Foreign Ministers meeting (Islamabad, Pakistan)
• Year: 2022
• Role: Special guest invited from a non‑OIC country
• Purpose: Strengthen ties and cooperation with Muslim world & promote multilateralism

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Start Date: 25 June 1975
• End Date: 21 March 1977
• Duration: ~21 months
• Reason: Political instability and court ruling invalidating her 1971 election
• Key Actions: Suspension of civil liberties, press censorship, and postponement of elections

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

Revenue Income: Money earned from regular operations, e.g.,

1. Sale of old newspapers
2. Membership fees
3. Donations for regular activities
4. Workshop fees
5. Interest on bank deposits related to operations

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Date of Conquest: 29 May 1453
  • Siege Duration: 55 days
  • Ottoman Sultan: Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)
  • Significance: End of Byzantine Empire; start of Ottoman dominance in Eastern Europe
  • Population of Constantinople at Fall: ~50,000 – 80,000

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

Euro Currency

• Launch Date (Electronic/Accounting): 1 January 1999
• Coins & Banknotes Introduced: 1 January 2002
• Reserve Currency Rank: 2nd largest in the world
• Trade Rank: 2nd most traded currency globally
• Number of EU Member States Using Euro: 20

Countries Using Euro (20):

1. Austria
2. Belgium
3. Cyprus
4. Estonia
5. Finland
6. France
7. Germany
8. Greece
9. Ireland
10. Italy
11. Latvia
12. Lithuania
13. Luxembourg
14. Malta
15. Netherlands
16. Portugal
17. Slovakia
18. Slovenia
19. Spain
20. Croatia

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

1. Finland
2. Denmark
3. Iceland
4. Israel
5. Netherlands

Pakistan ranked in 2022: 121 out of 146

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Frederick Chalmers Bourne was the First Governor of East Bengal after Independence.

Additional information:

• Tenure: 15 August 1947 – 5 April 1950
• Nationality: British
• Province: East Bengal (later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh)
• Key Role: Managed administrative transition from British India to Pakistan

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Date of Incident: 1 May 1960
• Location: Sverdlovsk region, Soviet Union
• Pilot: Francis Gary Powers (captured by USSR)
• Plane Altitude: Approximately 70,000 feet (21,300 meters)
• Impact on US-Soviet Relations: Cancelled the Paris Summit of 1960

Additional information:

• Francis Gary Powers was later exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1962.

Last verified on 18-01-2026