Explanation

• The Umayyad Caliphate was founded by Muawiya I.
• Reign: 661–680 AD
• Start of Rule: After the end of the First Muslim Civil War and a peace treaty with Hasan ibn Ali.
• Moved the Caliphate’s capital to Damascus, Syria

Additional information:

• Umayyad Dynasty started: 661 AD
• Umayyad Dynasty ended: 750 AD
• Last Caliph: Marwan II (744–750 AD)

Last updated 08 Nov 2026 by NA

Explanation

Martyrdom of Hazrat Ali (رضي الله عنه)

• - Attack Date: 19 Ramadan, 40 AH.
• - Time: Before Fajr prayer.
• - Location: Masjid-e-Kufa, Iraq.
• - Attacker: Ibn Muljam.
• - Weapon: Poisoned sword.
• - Date of Death: 21 Ramadan, 40 AH (661 CE).
• - Burial Place: Najaf al-Ashraf, Iraq.

Explanation

• Battle of Yarmouk: Fought between the Byzantine Empire and Muslim forces under Khalid bin Waleed.

• Dates: August 15 to August 20, 636 AD.

• Location: Near the Yarmouk River.

• Caliphate: During the reign of Hazrat Umar (RA).

• Result: Decisive victory for the Muslims, marking the end of Byzantine rule in Syria.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• Conquered during: Hazrat Uthman’s (RA) caliphate.
• Campaign led by: Amir Muawiya (RA).
• Year: 649 CE (28 AH).
• Importance: One of the first major Muslim naval expeditions.
• Opposing power: Byzantine Empire.
• Tribute: Approximately 7,000 dinars annually.

Last updated on 30 Oct 2026

Explanation

• Caliphate: During the reign of Hazrat Umar (RA).
• Battle of Yarmouk: Fought between the Byzantine Empire and Muslim forces under Khalid bin Waleed.
• Dates: August 15 to August 20, 636 AD.
• Location: Near the Yarmouk River.
• Result: Decisive victory for the Muslims, marking the end of Byzantine rule in Syria.

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Start Year: 35 AH / 656 CE

• End Year: 40 AH / 661 CE

• Duration: About 4 years and 9 months

• Preceded by: Martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman (R.A.)

Additional information:

1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.): 632–634 AD

2. Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (R.A.): 634–644 AD

3. Hazrat Usman ibn Affan (R.A.): 644–656 AD

4. Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (R.A.): 656–661 AD

Last verified on 14-10-2026

Explanation

• The Al-Hudaibiyah Treaty was signed in 6 AH for 10 years.
  
• It was scribed by Ali ibn Abi Talib (R.A).
• Hudaibiyah is the name of tree.
• It is referred to as "Fatah Al-Mubeen" (the clear victory) in Surah Al-Fatah.
• It was a pivotal agreement between Muhammad SAW representing Medina and the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca.
• Suhail bin Amr signed on behalf of Mecca.
• It contained 7 clauses.

Last verified on 01-04-2026

Explanation

• Abdulmecid II: Last Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. 
• Reign as Caliph: 1922–1924
• He was the 40th Head of the House of Osman
• Ottoman Sultanate: Abolished in 1922.
• Last Ottoman Sultan: Mehmed VI.
• Ottoman Caliphate: Abolished in 1924.

Explanation

• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656 to 661 CE) shifted the capital from Madinah to Kufa.
• This change happened around 657 CE (36 AH) after internal conflicts like the Battle of Jamal.
• Earlier, Madinah was the capital during the first three caliphs.
• He is buried in Najaf.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

1. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) shifted the capital from Madina to Kufa in 657 AD (36 AH).
2. The decision was made after the Battle of the Camel (Jang-e-Jamal).
3. Kufa was chosen because of its strategic military and political importance.
4. From Kufa, Hazrat Ali (R.A.) governed the Islamic state during his caliphate.
5. Kufa remained the capital until his martyrdom in 661 AD (40 AH).
6. He is buried in Najaf.

Last verified on 30-04-2026