Explanation

• Abdulmecid II: Last Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. 
• Reign as Caliph: 1922–1924
• He was the 40th Head of the House of Osman
• Ottoman Sultanate: Abolished in 1922.
• Last Ottoman Sultan: Mehmed VI.
• Ottoman Caliphate: Abolished in 1924.

Explanation

• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656 to 661 CE) shifted the capital from Madinah to Kufa.
• This change happened around 657 CE (36 AH) after internal conflicts like the Battle of Jamal.
• Earlier, Madinah was the capital during the first three caliphs.
• He is buried in Najaf.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

1. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) shifted the capital from Madina to Kufa in 657 AD (36 AH).
2. The decision was made after the Battle of the Camel (Jang-e-Jamal).
3. Kufa was chosen because of its strategic military and political importance.
4. From Kufa, Hazrat Ali (R.A.) governed the Islamic state during his caliphate.
5. Kufa remained the capital until his martyrdom in 661 AD (40 AH).
6. He is buried in Najaf.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

• The Pious Caliphate (Khulafa-e-Rashideen) lasted for approximately 30 years, from 632 CE to 661 CE.

Additional information:

1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA): 632–634 CE → 2 years (Shortest Tenure)
2. Hazrat Umar (RA): 634–644 CE → 10 years
3. Hazrat Uthman (RA): 644–656 CE → 12 years (Largest Tenure)
4. Hazrat Ali (RA): 656–661 CE → 5 years

Last verified on 07-10-2026

Explanation

• Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) entrusted the compilation of the Holy Quran to Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (R.A).
• This decision was made after many Huffaz (memorizers of Quran) were martyred in the Battle of Yamama.
• Hazrat Umar (R.A) suggested compiling the Quran in written form for preservation.
• Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (R.A) collected verses from written materials and memories of companions.
• This ensured the safe preservation of the Holy Quran in a single manuscript.

Last verified on 25-06-2026