Explanation

• Job Specification is a statement outlining the minimum acceptable qualifications, skills, knowledge, and abilities required to perform a job.
• It focuses on the person required for the job, rather than the duties of the job.
• It may include education, experience, skills, abilities, and other requirements.

Additional information:

• Job Description explains the duties, responsibilities, and tasks of a job.
• Job Evaluation determines the relative worth or value of a job within an organization.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Equity Theory suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others.
• The theory was developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963.
• Inputs include effort, skills, experience, and time.
• Outcomes include salary, recognition, promotion, and benefits.
• Employees assess whether their input–outcome ratio is fair compared with others.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• The Administrative Management Approach emerged after Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management approach.
• Frederick W. Taylor developed Scientific Management, focusing mainly on work efficiency and productivity.
• Henri Fayol developed the Administrative Management approach, focusing on overall organizational management and principles.
• Fayol's major work, “14 Principles of Management,” was published in 1916.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Modern Public Administration education and training are heavily influenced by the systems of the United States and Britain.
• The United States played a major role in developing Public Administration as an academic discipline.
• Britain contributed significantly through its long-established civil service and administrative traditions.
• American Public Administration emphasizes management, efficiency, policy, and administrative theory.
• The British tradition emphasizes professional civil service, administrative continuity, and government institutions.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• The civil service administrative setup in South Asia inherited from British rule is known as the Colonial System.
• The British established a centralized, hierarchical, and rule-based bureaucracy during colonial rule.
• Its major functions included law and order, revenue collection, and administrative control.
• After independence, countries such as Pakistan and India retained many features of this system.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Traditional administrative setups like Pakistan predominantly follow the Generalist Model.
• The Generalist Model emphasizes broad administrative knowledge rather than specialization in one technical field.
• Generalist civil servants are expected to work across different departments, functions, and policy areas.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• New Public Management (NPM) introduced private-sector management practices, efficiency, and market competition into the public sector.
• It emerged prominently during the 1980s and 1990s.
• NPM emphasizes performance, results, efficiency, competition, and customer-oriented services.
• It is associated with reforms that aimed to make government organizations operate more like private-sector organizations.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• The Ecological Approach focuses on the interaction between an organization and its surrounding environment.
• It views an organization as being influenced by social, economic, political, and cultural factors.
• The approach is strongly associated with Fred W. Riggs in Public Administration.
• Riggs developed the Prismatic Society model to explain administrative systems in different environments.
• The approach emphasizes that administration cannot be studied in isolation from its environment.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• The classic debate separating political decision-making from administrative execution is called the Politics-Administration Dichotomy.
• The concept is strongly associated with Woodrow Wilson and Frank J. Goodnow.
• It distinguishes politics (policy-making) from administration (policy implementation).
• Wilson discussed this distinction in his 1887 essay, “The Study of Administration.”

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

POSDCORB is an acronym that stands for:

• Planning: Setting goals and objectives
• Organizing: Team structure and coordination
• Staffing: Recruitment and training
• Directing: Leadership and guidance
• Coordinating: Time and resource management
• Reporting: Progress updates and feedback
• Budgeting: Financial planning and control

Last verified on 08-08-2026