Explanation

Transactional leadership is based on a system of rewards for good performance and punishments for poor performance.

It focuses on clear roles, goals, and structured tasks, motivating subordinates through external incentives.

Explanation

Teachers work closely with the principal and observe their leadership, decision-making, and management style daily.

They are in the best position to evaluate the effectiveness of the principal’s administration within the school environment.

Explanation

Trait theory suggests that leaders are born with inherent qualities that make them effective leaders.

It emphasizes innate traits like confidence, intelligence, and charisma, not skills developed over time.

Explanation

Explanation

In a secondary school, the headmaster (or principal) is the immediate authority to whom the teacher reports.

The headmaster manages day-to-day school operations and supervises teaching staff directly.

Explanation

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to represent the entire group in a study.

It helps researchers collect data efficiently without surveying the whole population.

Explanation

Reliability refers to the consistency of test results — if repeated trials yield the same effect or outcome, the test is considered reliable.

It ensures that the measurement tool produces stable and consistent results over time.

Explanation

A hypothesis is a tentative statement or prediction that can be tested through scientific investigation.

It must be subjected to experimentation or observation to determine its validity — it is not always proved but always tested.

Explanation

Action Research is conducted by teachers in the classroom to improve teaching and learning.

It involves identifying a problem, implementing a strategy, and assessing its effectiveness in a real classroom setting.

Explanation

Applied Research focuses on testing and using theories to solve practical problems.

It aims to apply knowledge directly in real-world situations.