Explanation

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Explanation

3 ÷ 4 = 0.75

Explanation

The assumption that is NOT made: "No external forces acting on the fluid"

• Bernoulli's equation requires gravity to be present and acting on the fluid.
• The height/head term ($\rho gh$) in the equation is derived from the work done by gravity. Without gravity, this term would not exist.

Additional information

• Steady flow — Properties at any point stay constant over time.
• Incompressible fluid — Density (ρ) is constant.
• Negligible viscosity — The fluid is inviscid/frictionless, so no shear forces or turbulence along the streamline.

Explanation

• The Clausius–Clapeyron equation relates vapor pressure and temperature.
• It describes how vapor pressure changes with temperature.
• It is commonly used for liquid–vapor equilibrium.
• It involves the enthalpy of vaporization.
• As temperature increases, vapor pressure generally increases.

Explanation

Water treatment removes or reduces harmful pollutants.

Treatment may involve:

• Sedimentation: Heavy clumps settle to the bottom of the water supply.
• Filtration: Clear water passes through filters of sand, gravel, and charcoal to remove remaining particles.
• Disinfection: Chlorine or UV light is added to kill harmful bacteria and germs.

Explanation

- Non-Newtonian fluids have variable viscosity depending on the applied force.  

• Honey: Non-Newtonian fluid (shear-thinning)
• Its viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases
• When poured slowly, it flows thickly; when stirred vigorously, it thins out and flows faster

Explanation

 This equation follows Fick's law of diffusion.

- N = Mass transfer rate (moles or mass per unit time)

- k = Mass transfer coefficient (how fast the substance moves).

- A =Interfacial surface area (the contact area between the gas and liquid phases) 

- Ca and Cb = Concentration gradient or driving force (the difference in concentration between point A and point B).

Explanation

• HETP = Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate.
• HTU = Height of a Transfer Unit.
• They can be numerically equal under a specific condition.
• This occurs when the operating line is parallel to the equilibrium line.
• Both are measures related to the height required for mass transfer.

Explanation

The Haber-Bosch process is used for the industrial production of ammonia

It's crucial for fertilizer production.

Explanation

• Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
• At higher altitudes, there is less air above us.
• Therefore, the weight of the air column is lower.
• Air becomes less dense at higher altitudes.
• So, higher altitude = lower air pressure.