Explanation

• Civil society is included in New Public Governance (NPG).
• NPG emphasizes cooperation among the government, private sector, and civil society.
• It focuses on networks, partnerships, participation, and collaboration.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Market power exists when a firm can set price above marginal cost.
• It means the firm has the ability to influence the market price.
• Under perfect competition, firms generally cannot set price above marginal cost.
• Market power is commonly associated with monopoly and imperfect competition.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Leasing is a Financing decision.
• A method of acquiring assets through rental payments rather than purchase.
• Avoids a large upfront cash outlay.
• An alternative to debt or equity for funding assets.

Additional information 

• Lessor: The legal owner who provides the asset
• Lessee: The user who pays to use the asset without owning it.

Last updated on 25-08-2026

Explanation

• Market power: influencing price above the competitive level
• Firm has some ability to affect its product's market price
• Usually linked to limited competition
• Enables charging above the competitive price

Last updated on 25-08-2026 by NS

Explanation

• Pakistan introduced bureaucratic reforms on the model of developing countries.
• These reforms aimed to improve the efficiency and organization of Pakistan’s administrative system.
• Pakistan studied administrative models and experiences of other developing countries.
• The reforms focused on improving public administration and government efficiency.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Max Weber is widely considered the father of bureaucratic theory.
• His work "Economy and Society" (1922) is a seminal text on the subject.
• Weber's theory of bureaucracy emphasized the importance of hierarchy, rules, and impersonality in organizational structure.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

Government spending is a tool of fiscal policy.

Here is tye tools of Fiscal Policy:

1. Government Spending
2. Taxation
3. Transfer Payments
4. Fiscal Expansion
5. Fiscal Contraction

Last verified on 24-04-2026

Explanation

• The growth of organizational needs to be meshed with the individual's (or individuals') growth.
• Organizational development should be aligned with the personal and professional growth of its people.

Explanation

• Article 26 of the Constitution of Pakistan ensures non-discrimination in respect of access to public places.
• It states that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen regarding access to places of public entertainment or resort.

Explanation

• The employee who maintains the cash receipts journal also records transactions in the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.
• Why: It's a segregation of duties problem — the same person handles recording in two related areas, allowing errors or fraud to go undetected.