Explanation

• Headquarters: Beijing, China
• On 9 June, 2017 India and Pakistan became full members of the SCO.
• Full Form: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
• Founded: 15 June 2001
• Founder Members (2001): China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
• Purpose: Regional security, economic cooperation, counter-terrorism, and cultural cooperation

Additional information:

Current SCO Member States (10):

1. China
2. Russia
3. Kazakhstan
4. Kyrgyzstan
5. Tajikistan
6. Uzbekistan
7. India (Joined: 9 June 2017)
8. Pakistan (Joined: 9 June 2017)
9. Iran (Joined: 4 July 2023)
10. Belarus (Joined: 4 July 2024)

Last verified on 26-07-2026

Explanation

• Thrombocytes (Platelets) help in blood clotting.
• They stop bleeding by forming a clot at the injury site.
• They stick together when a blood vessel is damaged.
• This prevents excess blood loss.
• They are essential for wound healing.

Last verified on 07-06-2026

Explanation

Breath-holding spells are common in toddlers and usually resolve spontaneously by around 6 years of age.

They are typically benign, though alarming to parents, and do not cause long-term harm.

Explanation

Eye color is determined by the pigmentation of the iris, primarily the amount and type of melanin.

The iris regulates light entry but its pigment gives eyes their characteristic color.

Explanation

LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) reshapes the cornea to correct refractive errors like myopia.

It improves vision by allowing light to focus correctly on the retina without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

Explanation

Pituitary adenomas can compress the optic chiasm, leading to loss of vision in the outer (temporal) visual fields of both eyes.

This characteristic visual field defect helps in the diagnosis of sellar/parasellar masses.

Explanation

Horner syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miosis).

Other features may include ptosis (drooping eyelid) and anhidrosis (loss of sweating) on the affected side.

Explanation

Sudden vision loss with a red, painful eye is characteristic of acute angle-closure glaucoma due to rapid rise in intraocular pressure.

Immediate treatment is required to prevent permanent optic nerve damage.

Explanation

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes damages retinal blood vessels, leading to hemorrhages.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of retinal hemorrhage in adults.

Explanation

An audiometer measures hearing acuity by generating sounds at various frequencies and intensities.

It helps detect the degree and type of hearing loss in patients.