Explanation

Violations of public policy can be carried out through the lawful use of force:

• Fines are financial penalties imposed for violations.
• Imprisonment may be imposed for serious violations where authorized by law.
• Government authorities may use lawful enforcement measures to ensure compliance.

Last verified on 14-08-2026

Explanation

• Comparing one's input-output ratio with that of others is related to Equity Theory.
• Developed by J. Stacy Adams.

Additional information 

• Developed by Victor Vroom, Expectancy Theory explains that people choose how to behave based on what they think the outcome will be.
• Goal-Setting Theory: Developed by Edwin Locke and expanded by Gary Latham.Specific and challenging goals improve performance.

Last updated by NA on 25-08-2026

Explanation

• The policy cycle is both forward and backward.
• Policy-making is not always a strictly linear process.
• Policymakers may move forward from formulation to implementation and evaluation.
• They may also move backward to revise or reformulate a policy based on evaluation and feedback.

Last verified on 14-08-2026

Explanation

• Decisions related to the scheduling of work are called Operational Decisions.
• Operational decisions deal with the day-to-day activities of an organization.
• They include work scheduling, task assignments, and routine operations.

Additional information

• Tactical decisions are short-to-medium-term choices made by middle managers
• Strategic decisions are high-level choices made by top leaders that determine the long-term direction

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Functional decisions are related to Recruitment.
• Recruitment is a functional activity concerned with selecting and appointing employees.
• Functional decisions deal with specific organizational functions and activities.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• New Public Management based on:
• Privatization transfers certain activities or services from government to the private sector.
• Deregulation reduces unnecessary government rules and controls.
• Market orientation promotes competition, efficiency, performance, and customer focus.
• NPM emphasizes applying private-sector management principles to the public sector.

Last updated by NA on 25-08-2026

Explanation

• Capital gain divided by capital gain yield is used to determine the beginning or initial price.
• Capital gain is calculated as Ending Price − Beginning Price.
• Capital gain yield is calculated as Capital Gain ÷ Beginning Price.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

The Rational Model of decision-making considers:

• Economic Values: Looks at financial costs, profits, and resource efficiency.
• Social Values: Weighs how the choice impacts people, employees, and communities.
• Political Values: Considers stakeholder approval, power dynamics, and organizational goals.

Explanation

Civil Services of Pakistan (CSP) is traditionally characterized as a generalist 

• Follows the British colonial tradition
• Officers rotated across diverse administrative roles
• Emphasis on broad administrative skills over narrow technical expertise

Additional information:

• Specialist — officers confined to one technical field
• Technical — recruitment based on technical/engineering expertise
• Judicial — relates to judges, not general civil administration

Explanation

• Public Choice Theory uses economic analysis to study public-sector decision-making.
• Applies economic assumptions (self-interest, rationality, incentives) to political behavior
• Examines voters, politicians, and bureaucrats as rational actors

Additional information

Classical and Bureaucratic theories focus on structure/roles rather than economic analysis as their method.

Last verified on 13-08-2026