Explanation

• A choice made between two or more alternatives is called a Decision
• It involves evaluating choices to arrive at a conclusion or course of action.

Additional information

• Assumption: Something accepted as true without proof.
• Reporting: The act of presenting information or data.

Explanation

• PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique.
• Project management method for planning, scheduling, and controlling complex projects
• Developed in the 1950s for the U.S. Navy's Polaris missile program

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

Organizing, as a management function, is mainly concerned with arranging resources and tasks

• Structuring work: Dividing total work into specific jobs and departments.
• Assigning roles: Matching employees to tasks based on skills, defining clear responsibilities.
• Allocating resources: Distributing physical, financial, and human resources efficiently.
• Establishing authority: Creating a clear chain of command and reporting relationships (the organizational chart).

Explanation

• The separation between political activities and administrative activities is known as the politics-administration dichotomy.

Explanation

• The Behavioral Approach in Public Administration developed mainly as a reaction against the Classical Approach.
• Ecological Approach — focuses on the environment's influence on administration, not a reaction target.
• Systems Approach — actually built upon and incorporated behavioral ideas.
• Contingency Approach — is a later development that emerged after the Behavioral Approach.

Explanation

• Crossover Rate (Fisher Separation Point)
• The discount rate at which the NPVs of two projects are equal.
• Calculation
• Derived from the IRR of the incremental cash flows between the two projects.
• Purpose
• Helps select between mutually exclusive projects when their NPV rankings conflict across different discount rates.

Explanation

Traditional Public Administration was characterized by

Bureaucratisation

• Formal rules and structured procedures
• Professional career civil servants

Control

• Top-down supervision
• Compliance with regulations
• Accountability via strict chain of command

Hierarchies

• Clear lines of authority
• Layered levels from top leadership to frontline workers

Explanation

• The expected rate of return on a bond if it is held until maturity is called the yield to maturity (YTM).
• It represents the internal rate of return for
• The investment,
• Combining all coupon payments,
• The current market price,
• The final face value payout upon maturity.

Explanation

• New Public Management is mainly concerned with the incorporation of private management principles into the public sector and government administration
• To improve efficiency, performance, and accountability.
• Core Goals
• Efficiency: Run government like a private business.
• Competition: Use market forces inside public services.
• Results: Focus on outputs and outcomes instead of strict rules.

Explanation

• Policy termination means officially ending a policy.
• Policies are often continued or modified instead of completely terminated.
• Political and administrative factors can make termination difficult.