Explanation

The upper-class limit is the higher value of the class interval.

So, for (10-50), it's 50.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Law of Inertia = Newton’s First Law of Motion.
• States: “An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in the same direction and speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.”
• Explains why seat belts are important in cars.
• Applies to all objects on Earth and in space.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• The word ‘Scientia’ is derived from the Latin word Scientia which means ‘knowledge’.
• Science involves observation, experimentation, and analysis.
• The scientific method includes Hypothesis → Experiment → Observation → Conclusion.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• The Sun is a star.
• There are lots of stars, but the Sun is the closest one to Earth.
• It is the center of our solar system.
• The Sun is a hot ball of glowing gases.
• The sun is composed of layers made up almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Sound waves are mechanical waves that require a medium (air, water, or solid) to travel.
• They transport energy, not matter.
• Particles of the medium vibrate around their mean position but do not move along with the wave.
• Examples: Speaking, music, and alarms transfer energy through sound waves.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Refraction: Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.
• A prism bends light at different angles depending on wavelength.
• This separation of colors is called dispersion, forming a spectrum.
• Visible spectrum colors: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (ROYGBIV).

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

Thermal energy can be transferred through all three methods:

• Conduction: Direct transfer between particles in physical contact.
• Convection: Transfer through the movement of fluids.
• Radiation: Transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., light, radio waves).

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Tundra is a cold, treeless region found near the Arctic and Antarctic.
• Soil is often frozen (permafrost) throughout the year.
• Vegetation includes mosses, lichens, and low shrubs.
• Animals adapted: polar bears, arctic foxes, reindeer.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Double Displacement Reaction: Two compounds exchange ions or radicals to form new compounds.
• General form: AB + CD → AD + CB.
• Example: Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

Additional information:

• Decomposition: Single compound breaks into two or more simpler substances.
• Combination (Synthesis): Two or more substances combine to form one compound.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that retains its chemical properties.
• It is made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
• Examples of molecules: H₂O, O₂, CO₂, NH₃, CH₄.

Additional information:

• An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
• A compound is a substance formed when different elements combine chemically.

Last verified on 13-03-2026