Explanation

• Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.
• DNA carries genetic information.
• Proteins (mainly histones) help package DNA.
• Together they form chromatin material.
• Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of cells.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
  • Occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
  • Increases genetic variation in gametes.
  • Ensures diverse traits in offspring.
  • Essential for evolution and natural selection.

Last verified on 06-02-2026

Explanation

• Definition: Process where mRNA sequence is decoded to make a protein
• Location: Ribosomes in cytoplasm (or rough ER in eukaryotes)
• Inputs: mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes
• Steps: Initiation → Elongation → Termination
• Outcome: Polypeptide chain (protein) is formed according to mRNA code

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

Differences are −1, −2, −3, −4 (they increase by 1).

Next difference = −5 → 110 − 5 = 105.

Explanation

A is B’s mother, and C is B’s child, so A is one generation above C.

Parent of a parent = grandparent, here specifically grandmother.

Explanation

T is P’s brother (P is Q’s father), so T is Q’s paternal uncle.

R is Q’s mother and S is Q’s sister — neither is an uncle.

Explanation

From “No apples are mangoes,” conclusion II is directly true.

“All melons are mangoes” contradicts the statements, so I is false.

Explanation

Both Amna and Jaffar are older than Muneeb, but their ages relative to each other aren’t given.

Without a direct comparison between Amna and Jaffar we cannot determine who’s older.

Explanation

Letter positions: M(13), N(14), P(16), Q(17), S(19) — differences alternate +1, +2.

Next = 19 + 1 = 20 → T.

Explanation

One-third of 240 L = 80 L currently filled.

Remaining capacity = 240 − 80 = 160 L.