Explanation

The products of combustion include:

Hydrogen gas,

Carbon dioxide,

Water vapor,

Heat and light.

In a complete combustion of a hydrocarbon (like methane or petrol), the fuel reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce:

CO₂ + H₂O + Heat

Example:  

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + energy

Explanation

• When fuel is burned, carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) is primarily produced.
• The combustion of fuel, particularly hydrocarbons, typically results in the formation of carbon dioxide and water vapor (H₂O).

Explanation

Explanation

The functional group for a ketone is a carbonyl group (C=O), where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

The general formula for a ketone is R–C(=O)–R' or CnH2nO;

Where the central carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R and R'). The simplest ketone is propanone (acetone), with the formula C₃H₆O.  

Explanation

Complete oxidation of methane (CH₄) in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) with the release of energy (combustion reaction):

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

Explanation

The oxidation of a tertiary alcohol generally gives no reaction under normal conditions 

No alpha hydrogen:

The carbon bonded to the -OH group (the alpha-carbon) in a tertiary alcohol has no hydrogen atoms attached to it, as it is already bonded to three other carbon groups. 

Mechanism requires an alpha hydrogen:

Standard oxidation reactions of alcohols involve the removal of a hydrogen atom from the alpha-carbon and the formation of a C=O double bond. 

Carbon-carbon bond breakage:

To oxidize a tertiary alcohol, a C-C bond would need to be broken, which requires much harsher conditions than those used for primary or secondary alcohols. 

Explanation

On further reaction, the oxidation of a primary alcohol initially forms an aldehyde, which is then further oxidized to a carboxylic acid.

The specific product obtained (aldehyde or carboxylic acid) depends on the strength of the oxidizing agent and reaction conditions. 

Explanation

The theory that free radicals cause cellular damage is known as the free radical theory.

Most notably, the free radical theory of aging posits that age-related damage originates from oxidative stress induced by these molecules.

Proposed by Denham Harman in 1956,

This theory suggests that free radicals, which are unstable atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons, damage DNA, proteins, and other cellular components, leading to aging and disease over time. 

Explanation

Explanation

The majority of ATP synthesis occurs in cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix:

generating approximately thirty-two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose that is oxidized.

The ATP synthesis occurs within the fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.