Explanation

A state function is a thermodynamic property

That depends only on the current state of a system, not on the path taken to reach that state.

Pressure, temperature, and entropy are all considered state functions

Because their values are determined solely by the system's conditions (like its composition, volume, and energy)

And not the process used to get there. 

Explanation

Mass, however, is an extensive property, meaning it depends on the quantity of matter. 

An intensive property is a characteristic that does not depend on the amount of matter present in a system

Density, temperature, and pressure are all intensive properties because they are inherent to the substance itself, regardless of its size.

Explanation

An extensive property depends on the Amount of substance. 

It is a physical quantity that is proportional to the size of the system or the quantity of matter within it. 

Explanation

The measurable quantities that describe the condition of a system are called state variables. 

Explanation

An extensive property is a quantity that depends on the amount of matter present in a system.

Volume directly relates to the amount of space a substance occupies,

Meaning if you double the amount of substance, the volume will also double. 

Explanation

In thermodynamics, the part of the universe under study is referred to as the system.

Everything outside of this defined system is referred to as the surroundings or environment.

The system and its surroundings are separated by a boundary. 

Explanation

The breakdown of water using an electric current is called electrolytic decomposition.

The more specific term is electrolysis, and when applied to water, it is called the electrolysis of water. 

Explanation

Thermal decomposition reactions are generally Endothermic.

They require a continuous input of heat energy to break the chemical bonds within a compound and separate it into two or more simpler substances. 

Energy input: The "thermal" part of the name refers to heat, which must be supplied to the reaction.

Breaking bonds: For a substance to decompose, its chemical bonds must be broken, a process that absorbs energy.

Lower temperature: Since the reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings, it causes the immediate area to become cooler. 

Explanation

In endothermic reactions, energy in the form of heat is taken in from the surroundings.

Examples include photosynthesis and melting of ice, where heat is absorbed to proceed.

In an exothermic reaction, energy (heat) is released/evolved to the surroundings.

Examples include combustion of fuels and respiration.

Explanation

Allotrope of oxygen:

• Ozone is a molecule made of three oxygen atoms (O₃), unlike the common oxygen we breathe, which has two atoms (O₂). 

Formation:

• In the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere), solar UV radiation strikes oxygen molecules (O₂), splitting them into single oxygen atoms (O).
• These free oxygen atoms then combine with other O₂ molecules to form ozone (O₃). 

Absorption of UV radiation:

• The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet energy from the sun. When ozone absorbs UV radiation, it splits into an ordinary oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom. 

Conversion to heat:

• This process, known as the "ozone-oxygen cycle," converts the harmful UV radiation into heat. 

Protection from harm:

• By absorbing this radiation, the ozone layer prevents excessive amounts of UV-B light from reaching Earth's surface,
• Where it would be damaging to human health (causing skin cancer, cataracts) and harmful to plants and aquatic ecosystems.