Q. Write notes on the following: (10 each) (20 marks)
(i) Human rights in the light of the Sermon of Farewell Pilgrimage. (ii) Social Justice in an Islamic Society
(i) Human Rights in the Light of the Sermon of Farewell Pilgrimage:
The Farewell Pilgrimage sermon delivered by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the equality of all human beings, regardless of race or social status.
It declared that all individuals are equal in the eyes of Allah, with no superiority except for piety and good deeds.
The Prophet (PBUH) highlighted the sanctity of life, property, and honor, and condemned any form of injustice or oppression.
It also stressed the importance of honoring the rights of women, advocating for their dignity and protection from harm.
The sermon outlined the importance of justice, compassion, and mutual respect, laying a foundation for universal human rights in Islam.
(ii) Social Justice in an Islamic Society:
Social justice in Islam emphasizes equality, fairness, and the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities among all individuals.
Islam encourages the protection of the rights of the marginalized, including the poor, orphans, and women, ensuring they have access to social and economic benefits.
The principle of Zakat (charity) is a key mechanism for wealth redistribution, helping reduce poverty and economic inequality.
Islam advocates for justice in legal matters, where all individuals are treated equally before the law, regardless of their status.
Social justice in an Islamic society promotes harmony, cooperation, and a sense of responsibility towards others, ensuring a just and balanced society.
Q. . Analyze the Charter of Madina as a social contract. (20 marks)
The Charter of Madina as a Social Contract:
Foundation of Unity: The Charter established a unified community (Ummah) of Muslims, Jews, and others in Madina, promoting peace and cooperation.
Religious Freedom: It guaranteed religious freedom, allowing different religious groups to practice their faith without interference, ensuring equality for all.
Mutual Defense: It outlined mutual defense clauses, where all signatories pledged to protect Madina from external threats, solidifying the city's security.
Rights and Responsibilities: The Charter specified the rights and responsibilities of different groups, ensuring fair treatment, protection, and justice for all citizens.
Conflict Resolution: A mechanism for resolving disputes was established, with the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) serving as the ultimate arbitrator in cases of conflict.
Economic Cooperation: It promoted economic cooperation and the fair distribution of resources among different groups, ensuring communal welfare.
Social Justice: The Charter emphasized the importance of social justice, including the protection of the poor, orphans, and marginalized groups within the society.
A Common Citizenship: It established a sense of shared citizenship in Madina, where all residents were seen as equal partners in the social contract.
Political Loyalty: The document required loyalty to the state of Madina, where all signatories were bound by the social contract, prioritizing collective interest over individual tribes or factions.
Q. Define Ijma‘(consensus) and explain its different kinds. Can legislation by the
parliament of an Islamic state be regarded as a valid consensus?
(20 marks)
Definition of Ijma‘ (Consensus):
Ijma‘ refers to the unanimous agreement of Islamic scholars on a particular issue concerning Islamic law after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
It is considered one of the primary sources of Islamic jurisprudence.
Different Kinds of Ijma‘:
Ijma‘ of the Companions (Sahaba):
Ijma‘ of Scholars (Fuqaha):.
Ijma‘ of a Community:
Ijma‘ of a Region or State:
Can Legislation by Parliament of an Islamic State be Considered a Valid Consensus?
Yes, under certain conditions: Legislation by an Islamic parliament can be regarded as a valid form of consensus if it aligns with the fundamental principles of Islam (Qur'an, Hadith, and Ijma‘) and is in the public interest (Maslaha). It must be backed by scholarly consensus and not contradict the established sources of Islamic law.
