Explanation

According to H. Rugg (1976), the curriculum includes the entire program of a school’s work.

It encompasses all planned educational experiences, not just classroom lessons.

Explanation

The scope of education is based on the scope of life.

It covering all aspects of human development and experiences.

Education prepares individuals for various life situations, skills, and knowledge.

Explanation

In the Islamic system of education, the teacher is viewed as the central figure and spiritual father.

This highlights the teacher’s role in guiding not only intellectually but also morally and spiritually.

Explanation

In pragmatism, the project method is compulsory as it emphasizes learning by doing.

It encourages students to actively engage in real-world tasks to develop practical skills.

Explanation

Pragmatism in education emphasizes social efficiency, preparing students to contribute effectively to society.

It focuses on practical skills and problem-solving for real-life social situations.

Explanation

John Dewey described philosophy as a critical overview of experience.

It involves reflective thinking to evaluate beliefs and guide action.

Explanation

Philosophy helps clarify life by examining and understanding core values.

These values guide human behavior, ethics, and decision-making.

Explanation

John Dewey is famous for emphasizing the practical, experiential aspect of education.

He advocated for learning through doing and education as a tool for social progress.

Explanation

Progressivism offers a distinct educational approach that differs from the traditional views of idealism and realism.

It emphasizes learning by doing, experience, and social reform rather than fixed ideals or absolute realities.

Explanation

Naturalism is the philosophy that explains reality and society through natural laws without supernatural influence.

It emphasizes that everything arises from natural properties and causes.