Explanation

• Data transfer between computers is carried out through communication protocols.
• A protocol is a set of rules that allows computers to communicate and exchange data.
• Common network protocols ensure reliable and secure communication.
• Protocols are essential for the Internet and computer networks.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• An Operating System manages and controls all computer hardware and software resources.
• It acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware.
• The OS manages memory, files, devices, and running programs.
• Without an Operating System, a computer cannot function properly for users.
• Common operating systems include Windows, Linux, and macOS.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The EDX register consists of 4 bytes (32 bits).
• Full Size: 4 bytes / 32 bits (EDX)
• Lower Half: 2 bytes / 16 bits (DX)
• Byte Halves: 1 byte / 8 bits each (DH for high byte, DL for low byte of DX)

Explanation

• Shortest Job First (SJF) may suffer from starvation.
• It always executes the process with the shortest CPU burst time first.
• If short processes keep arriving, longer processes may never get CPU time.
• SJF provides the minimum average waiting time among scheduling algorithms.
• Aging is a common technique used to reduce starvation.

Additional information:

• FCFS: Executes processes in arrival order
• Round Robin (RR): Uses a fixed time quantum
• Priority Scheduling: May also suffer from starvation

Last verified on 02-08-2026

Explanation

• Atomicity ensures that a transaction is executed completely or not at all.
• If any part of a transaction fails, the entire transaction is rolled back.
• This prevents partial updates and maintains database reliability.
• Atomicity is one of the four ACID properties of database transactions.
• It ensures the all-or-nothing execution principle.

Last verified on 02-08-2026