Explanation

Under Shariah law, theft is punishable by amputation of the hand if strict conditions are met.

These conditions include minimum value of stolen property, security of the item, and absence of necessity or coercion.

Explanation

• A land Tax imposed on the non-Muslim cultivator and landlords was known as Kharag.
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• Kharāj (Arabic: خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its products, developed under Islamic law. 
• Kharaj was originally a property tax paid only by non-Muslims, but Muslims had to pay a "tithe".
• But finally, the term  Kharaj refers to all taxes paid to Islamic authorities.
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• The list of taxes imposed under Firoz Shah Tughlaq is as follows: Kharaj: land tax which was equal to one-tenth of the produce of the land.
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• Jizyah, historically, a tax paid by certain non-Muslim minorities to rulers in Muslim states.
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Explanation

I'jaz al-Qur'an (Arabic: إعجاز القرآن) is an Islamic philosophical and theological concept that refers to the inimitability of the Quran.

It asserts that the Quran's content, style, linguistic beauty, structure, and depth are so unique and perfect that no human or group of humans can ever produce a text like it.

This quality is considered a form of divine miracle, serving as proof of its divine origin and the authenticity of the prophethood of Muhammad.

Explanation

Musharakah (Arabic: مشاركة, meaning "sharing") is an essential concept in Islamic finance that represents a joint partnership or a joint venture.

It is a structure where all partners contribute capital, and they agree to share both the profits and any potential losses of the enterprise.

The key principles of Musharakah are based on equity and justice:

Profit Sharing: Profits are distributed among partners based on a pre-agreed ratio (which does not necessarily have to match the capital contribution ratio).

Loss Sharing: Losses, however, must be shared strictly in proportion to each partner's capital contribution.

Explanation

Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود) literally means "Unity of Existence" or "Unity of Being".

This is a central philosophical concept in Islamic mysticism (Sufism) which posits a non-dualistic view where all existence is fundamentally one and a manifestation or expression of the Divine, meaning there is no true separation between the Creator (God) and the creation.

The perceived multiplicity of things is seen as different aspects or reflections of the singular ultimate reality, which is God.