Explanation

 Albert Ellis and Aron Beck are names associated with the cognitive therapy approach.

Explanation

The leading cause of mind retardation is believed to be Inherited traits 

Explanation

People who consistently come up with overly optimistic explanations for negative events are more prone to depression.

جو لوگ مسلسل منفی واقعات کے لیے حد سے زیادہ پر امید وضاحتیں پیش کرتے ہیں وہ ڈپریشن کا زیادہ شکار ہوتے ہیں۔

Explanation

Explanation

Systematic desensitization, or graduated exposure therapy, is a behavior therapy developed by the psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe.

It is used when a phobia or anxiety disorder is maintained by classical conditioning.

It shares the same elements of both cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied behavior analysis.

Explanation

In social learning theory, attention is the first step where individuals focus on the behavior being observed.

Retention follows, where individuals remember the observed behavior.

Reproduction is the next step, where individuals imitate or replicate the behavior they have observed.

Explanation

Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in learning, suggesting that individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

He is the psychologist who developed the social learning theory.

He conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment to support his theory, which showed that children learn aggressive behaviors by observing adult models.

Bandura's social learning theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and has influenced our understanding of how behavior is acquired and shaped.

Explanation

Explanation

Vicarious punishment occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behavior decreases after having seen a model's behavior being punished.

In this process, the observer learns from the negative consequences experienced by the model and decides not to engage in the same behavior to avoid similar punishment.

This type of learning is a key aspect of social learning theory, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others.

Explanation

Social learning theory involves both reinforcement and punishment.

Whereas vicarious reinforcement is only related to reinforcement we experience by watching others.