Explanation

• As per Article 79 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, if a document is required by law to be attested,
• It shall not be used as evidence until two attesting witnesses,
• At least, have been called for the purpose of proving its execution. 
• If they are alive and capable of giving evidence. 

Explanation

• As per Article 70 QSO 1984, general rules of proof are provided.
• All facts may be proved by oral evidence except certain exceptions.
• The contents of documents or electronic documents must be proved by documentary evidence.
• Oral evidence cannot replace written or recorded content.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Article 60 QSO 1984, oral evidence must be direct.
• A witness must testify about facts personally seen, heard, or perceived.
• Indirect or hearsay evidence is generally not admissible.
• This ensures reliability and authenticity of evidence.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Article 59 of Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, expert opinions are considered.
• Experts provide opinions on foreign law, science, art, handwriting, or fingerprints.
• These opinions help the court in technical or specialized matters.
• Such expert opinions are treated as relevant facts in evidence law.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Article 19(d) Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, facts forming part of a transaction are considered relevant.
• In this case, goods pass through several intermediate deliveries before reaching A.
• Each delivery forms part of the chain of transaction.
• Such facts help establish whether the goods ultimately reached A

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Article 2(1)(c)(i) of Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, evidence is defined.
• It states that statements made before the court by witnesses are included.
• These statements must relate to matters of fact under inquiry.
• Such statements are legally termed as oral evidence.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Section 205(1) Cr.P.C 1898, the provision relates to dispensing with personal attendance of the accused.
• It states that whenever a Magistrate issues a summons, he may allow representation through a pleader.
• This is done when the Magistrate finds sufficient reasons.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Section 167(6) Cr.P.C 1898, provisions relate to custody and investigation.
• The officer in charge of the prison has specific duties regarding access.
• He must make arrangements for the admission of the investigating officer.
• This is for the purpose of interrogating the accused in custody.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Section 167(7) Cr.P.C 1898, the provision deals with handling of an accused in custody.
• It allows the accused to be taken out of prison when necessary.
• This is specifically for the purpose of investigation.
• Such removal must be done under legal authority and safeguards.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

• As per Section 24 PPC 1860, the term “dishonestly” is defined.
• It refers to doing an act with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person.
• Or causing wrongful loss to another person.
• This intention is essential to establish dishonesty in law.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026