Explanation

• Reaction spontaneity is determined by Gibbs free energy (ΔG).
• Formula: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
• If ΔG is positive, reaction is non-spontaneous.
• If ΔG is negative, reaction is spontaneous.
• Here entropy is positive but not enough to overcome enthalpy.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• ΔTb = Kb × m × i = 0.512 × 0.5 × 1 = 0.256°C
• Boiling point = 100 + 0.256 = 100.256°C.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• The triple point is a special thermodynamic condition of a substance.
• At this point, all three phases exist together.
• These phases are solid, liquid, and gas.
• They remain in equilibrium at a specific temperature and pressure.
• It is a fixed and unique point for each substance.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• In some chemical reactions, all atoms of reactants are completely retained in the final product.
• No atom is lost or removed during the reaction.
• Such reactions are typically addition reactions.
• Hydrogenation of alkenes is a common example.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• The active electrophile in nitration of benzene is nitronium ion (NO₂⁺).
• It is generated from a mixture of concentrated HNO₃ and H₂SO₄.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• The Arrhenius plot relates the rate constant (k) with temperature (T).
• When we plot ln k vs 1/T, we get a straight line.
• Whose slope is negative activation energy divided by gas constant.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• According to the Arrhenius equation, the relationship between rate constant (k) and temperature (T) is exponential.
• When we plot ln k vs 1/T, it gives a straight line.
• It showing a linear relationship.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• Temperature affects liquids and gases differently in terms of viscosity.

When temperature increases:

• Liquids: viscosity decreases
• Gases: viscosity increases

So, both behave in opposite ways.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• Compressibility factor (Z) shows how real gas deviates from ideal gas behavior.
• If Z < 1, the gas is more compressible than expected.
• It means attractive forces between molecules are strong.

Last verified on 19-05-2026

Explanation

• In radioactive decay or first-order reactions, each half-life reduces the amount to half.
• After every half-life, the remaining substance keeps dividing by 2.
• So after 3 half-lives, the remaining amount becomes (1/2)³ = 1/8.

Last verified on 19-05-2026