Explanation

The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906, with its first session held in Karachi in 1907.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the League in 1913 (October) at the age of 37.

In 1927, the League was divided over the issue of joint electorates.

Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 and left in 1920.

He was a member of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until 1947.

In 1947, Jinnah became the leader of Pakistan until his death in 1948.

Explanation

Significance of Congregational Prayer (Jama'at):

Unity (Ittihad): Praying together fosters brotherhood, equality (shoulder-to-shoulder rows), and collective discipline among Muslims.

Quranic Emphasis: "Hold firmly to the rope of Allah and do not be divided" (Quran 3:103).

Explanation

Peptide Bond Hydrolysis: Each peptide bond (linking two amino acids) requires 1 water molecule to break.

4-Amino Acid Chain: A tetrapeptide has 3 peptide bonds, thus needing 3 water molecules for complete hydrolysis.

Example:

Ala-Gly-Val-Ser (4 amino acids) → Broken into 4 separate amino acids using 3 H₂O molecules.

Explanation

The Arrhenius theory (1887) defines:

Acids: Substances that dissociate in water to produce H⁺ ions (protons), such as:

HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻

Bases: Substances that dissociate in water to produce OH⁻ ions (hydroxide ions), such as:

NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻

Explanation

Anode: The electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) occurs.

It releases electrons into the circuit.

Cathode vs. Anode:

Cathode: Reduction (gain of electrons) occurs here.

Anode: Always the site of oxidation in both galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells.

Explanation

Benefits of GMOs:

Higher Crop Yields: Engineered for drought/pest resistance (e.g., Bt cotton).

Disease Resistance: Vaccines/biotech crops (e.g., virus-resistant papaya).

Nutritional Enhancement: Golden Rice (vitamin A enriched).

Explanation

Explanation

Cross-Pollination Benefit:

• Transfer of pollen between different plants introduces new genetic combinations, enhancing biodiversity and resilience.
• Results in healthier offspring (disease resistance, adaptation to environments).

Explanation

The ovary is the female reproductive part of a flower that holds and protects ovules (which develop into seeds after fertilization).

It is part of the pistil (gynoecium) and matures into a fruit after pollination.

Explanation

In cellular respiration, glucose (food) is broken down in cells (via mitochondria) to produce ATP (energy), CO₂, and water.

Chemical equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)