Explanation

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a major greenhouse gas that helps trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.

It plays a key role in maintaining Earth’s temperature but excess CO₂ leads to global warming.

Explanation

The greenhouse effect occurs when gases like CO₂ and methane trap heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere.

This trapped heat keeps the planet warm enough to support life but contributes to global warming when intensified.

Explanation

A glacier is a large, slow-moving river of ice formed from compacted layers of snow.

It moves due to gravity and pressure.

It is commonly found in polar and mountainous regions.

Explanation

Deserts form mainly due to very low or no rainfall over long periods.

This leads to dry, arid conditions with sparse vegetation.

Explanation

Genghis Khan founded and led the Mongol Empire in the early 13th and 14th centuries.

It was the largest contiguous land empire in history.

Founded: 1206

Date dissolved: 1368

Explanation

The Senate is the upper house of Pakistan’s Parliament.

It ensures equal representation of all provinces and participates in law-making.

Pakistan has three branches of government:

1. The Legislative Branch makes the laws.
2. The Executive Branch carries out the laws.
3. The Judiciary Branch evaluates and interprets the laws.

The Legislative Branch, or Parliament, has two houses: the National Assembly and the Senate

1. National Assembly: It makes laws for the federation and keeps a check over the Executive. 

2. The Senate is the body that represents the provinces and promotes a feeling of equality, peace, and harmony.

Explanation

Urdu serves as a lingua franca, helping unite people across Pakistan's diverse regional languages.

It was chosen to promote national unity.

Urdu was declared Official Language of Pakistan under 251 article of the constitution 1973.

Explanation

The Khyber Pass connects Pakistan with Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Historically used for trade and by invading armies, making it strategically vital.

Important Passes of Pakistan

1. Khyber Pass 

connects: Peshawar to Kabul

connects: Pakistan to Afghanistan

Height 1070 meters, 3510 feet 

2. Bolan Pass 

Connects: JCB and Sibi with Quetta 

Height: 1793 meters, 5884 feet 

3. Lowari Pass 

Connects: Chitral with Dir 

Height: 3118 meters, 10230 feet 

4. Broghil Pass 

Location: Pakistan & Afghanistan border 

Height: 3798 meters, 12460 feet 

5. Malakand Pass 

Connects: Dir with Chitral 

Height: 1362 meters, 4468 feet 

6. Shandur pass

Connects: Gupis/Gilgit with Chitral 

Height: 3700 meters, 12139 feet 

7. Khanjerab Pass (topmost in Pakistan) 

Other name: Friendship Gate

Connects: China with Pakistan 

Height: 4693 meters, 15397 feet 

8. Dorah pass

Connects: Badakhshan province of Afghanistan with Chitral 

Height: 4300 meters, 14108 feet 

9. Babusar Pass 

Connects: Mansehra/Abbottabad with Gilgit

10. Kohat Pass

Connects: Kohat with Peshawar 

11. Khojak Pass

Connects: Qilla Abdullah with Chaman

12. Tochi Pass

Connects: Ghazni with Bannu

13. Karakar Pass

Connects: Mingora with Buner 

Explanation

Allama Iqbal envisioned a separate homeland for Muslims of the subcontinent.

His poetry and philosophy deeply influenced the ideology behind Pakistan’s creation.

Additional Information:

• Delivered the Allahabad Address (1930) proposing a separate Muslim state.
• Regarded as the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan."
• His ideas laid the foundation for the Two-Nation Theory.
• National poet of Pakistan; his birth (Nov 9) is celebrated as Iqbal Day.

Explanation

Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat.

As of 2018, According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Pakistan's wheat output reached 26.3 million tonnes.

The most important crops which together account for nearly more than 75% of the value of total crop output are:

• Wheat
• Sugarcane
• Cotton
• Rice