Explanation

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius temperature by 1.8 (or 9/5) and then add 32.

The exact formula is

°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32

Explanation

• Freeze drying is suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
• The material is first frozen.
• Water is removed by sublimation under low pressure.
• It helps preserve quality and biological activity.
• It is commonly used for medicines, vaccines, and biological products.

Additional information 
- Vacuum drying and spray drying involve some heat.  

- Convective drying uses hot air → not suitable for sensitive substances.

Explanation

Filtration rate depends on:  

  - Particle size: Smaller particles clog pores more, reducing rate.  

  - Filtration pressure: Higher pressure = faster filtration.  

  - Medium thickness: Thicker medium slows down the flow.  

- Temperature may affect viscosity, but it's not a direct filtration parameter.

Explanation

• Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT  
• To solve for n (moles):  
• n = PV / RT

Here is what each variable represents:=

n: Number of moles

P: Pressure of the gas

V: Volume of the gas

R: Ideal gas constant

T: Absolute temperature in Kelvin

Explanation

• According to Boyle's law, the pressure of the gas will double
• Boyle’s Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (Pressure × Volume = constant at constant temperature)
• If volume becomes V/2, then:  

P × V = P₂ × (V/2)  

⇒ P₂ = 2P  

Explanation

• Area is a derived quantity
• Because it is calculated by multiplying two base quantities together (Length × Width).
• A derived quantity is a physical property calculated by combining two or more base (fundamental) quantities through multiplication or division

Additional information

• Mass, Length, and time are all base quantities
• Which means they are fundamental physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.

Explanation

According to the Gibbs Phase Rule, a system with three components and two phases will have 3 degrees of freedom

Gibbs Phase Rule is given by:

F = C - P + 2

Where:  

- F = degrees of freedom  

- C = number of components  

- P = number of phases  

Given:  

C = 3 (components)  

P = 2 (phases)

So:  

F = 3 - 2 + 2 = 3

Explanation

• Sherwood number (Sh) is a dimensionless number used in mass transfer.
• It relates convective mass transfer to diffusive mass transfer.
• It is related to the mass transfer coefficient.
• The mass transfer coefficient can be used to estimate film thickness.
• Formula:Sh = kL/D.

Explanation

• Deionization removes unwanted ions from water.
• It uses ion-exchange resins.
• Cations are exchanged with H⁺ ions.
• Anions are exchanged with OH⁻ ions.
• The H⁺ and OH⁻ combine to form pure water.

Explanation

• Oxygen has 8 protons and typically 8 neutrons, giving it a mass number of 16.
• Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.
• Discoverers: Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele
• Symbol: O
• Atomic number: 8
• Electrons per shell: 2, 6
• Discovered: 1774