Explanation

• Monetary Policy is managed by the central bank to control the money supply and interest rates.
• Its main goals include controlling inflation, maintaining price stability, and supporting economic stability.
• Central banks use tools such as policy interest rates, reserve requirements, and open-market operations.

Additional information:

• Fiscal Policy is managed by the government through taxation and public spending.
• Trade Policy deals with imports, exports, tariffs, and international trade.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Major Issues are policy issues that affect the entire nation, society, or a major part of the political/administrative system.
• They have a wide impact and usually require significant government attention.

Additional information:

• Minor Issues affect relatively small sectors, groups, or limited areas.
• Local Issues are generally confined to a particular locality or community.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Output is the immediate product, service, or activity delivered by a program.
• Outcome is the result or change produced by those outputs, often seen over the medium or long term.
• Example: 100 schools constructed = Output; improved access to education = Outcome.
• Outputs are generally directly controlled or influenced by the implementing organization.
• Outcomes reflect the actual effects or changes resulting from the intervention.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Mass media influences public policy by shaping public opinion and setting the political agenda.
• It brings important social and political issues to public attention.
• Media coverage can influence how citizens and policymakers perceive an issue.
• It can increase pressure on governments to address public concerns.
• Mass media does not directly make laws or appoint government officials.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Structured Problems are routine, well-defined issues with clear procedures and established solutions.
• They usually have known objectives, available information, and predictable alternatives.
• Such problems can often be handled using standard rules, policies, or procedures.

Additional information:

• Semi-structured Problems contain both routine and uncertain elements.
• Unstructured Problems are complex, unclear, and lack established procedures.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Policy Succession refers to replacing an existing policy with a new policy or substantially modifying it.
• It occurs when an existing policy is replaced, redesigned, or significantly changed to address new needs.

Additional information:

• Policy Evaluation assesses the effectiveness and outcomes of a policy.
• Policy Termination means ending or abolishing a policy completely.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• A decision is a choice made between two or more alternatives.
• Decision-making involves identifying available options and selecting the most suitable one.
• Decisions may be made by individuals or organizations.
• Effective decisions help achieve goals and solve problems.
• The process generally involves identifying the problem, considering alternatives, and selecting an option.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• A Manager is an individual who achieves organizational goals by allocating resources, directing activities, and overseeing others.
• Managers perform key functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
• They coordinate people, finances, materials, and other resources to achieve organizational objectives.

Additional information:

• A supervisor usually oversees employees at the operational level.
• A leader focuses primarily on influencing and motivating people toward goals.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Job Specification is a statement outlining the minimum acceptable qualifications, skills, knowledge, and abilities required to perform a job.
• It focuses on the person required for the job, rather than the duties of the job.
• It may include education, experience, skills, abilities, and other requirements.

Additional information:

• Job Description explains the duties, responsibilities, and tasks of a job.
• Job Evaluation determines the relative worth or value of a job within an organization.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Equity Theory suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others.
• The theory was developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963.
• Inputs include effort, skills, experience, and time.
• Outcomes include salary, recognition, promotion, and benefits.
• Employees assess whether their input–outcome ratio is fair compared with others.

Last verified on 08-08-2026