Explanation

• The chemical name of chalk is Calcium carbonate.
• Its chemical formula is CaCO₃.
• It is a soft, white mineral.
• Commonly used in blackboard chalk and limestone.
• Found naturally in rocks and marine shells.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

Composition of Air:

• Nitrogen → 78%
• Oxygen → 20.95%
• Argon → 0.93%
• Carbon dioxide → 0.04%
• Other gases → very small traces

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• Vitamin A is essential for vision, skin health, and immune function.
• Its deficiency can lead to night blindness (poor ight vision) and other health problems.

Additional information:

• Dry skin and eyes
• Impaired immune function
• Poor wound healing
• Increased risk of respiratory and urinary tract infections

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

• Islamabad was named on 24 February 1960.
• It was declared the new capital of Pakistan during the era of Ayub Khan.
• The capital was shifted from Karachi to Islamabad for better administration and a central location.
• The city was planned and designed by the Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis.

Additional information:

• 1961 – Construction of the new capital city started
• 1967 – Government offices gradually shifted to Islamabad

Last verified on 16-03-2026

Explanation

• Mangla Dam was completed on 23 November 1967.
• Its construction started in 1962.
• It is built on the Jhelum River in Mirpur District, Azad Kashmir.
• It is an earth-filled embankment dam.
• Height – 147 meters
• Length – 3,140 meters

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan National Movement was founded by Choudhry Rahmat Ali.
• It was established in 1933.
• He was the first person to coin the name “Pakistan”.
• The idea was promoted through his famous pamphlet Now or Never.
• He aimed to demand a separate homeland for Muslims of India.

Last verified on 26-04-2026

Explanation

• SEATO was founded on 8 September 1954.
• Pakistan joined SEATO in the same year 1954 as a member.
• It was a Cold War military alliance led by the United States.
• Pakistan later withdrew its association in the 1970s (after 1972/1973 period changes).
• SEATO was officially dissolved in 1977.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970–1975 ) of Pakistan was not properly implemented.
• It was disrupted due to political instability in 1971.
• The fall of East Pakistan (Bangladesh creation) affected its execution.
• Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto revised economic policies.
• Therefore, the plan was largely abandoned or bypasses.

Additional information:

1. 1955–1960 → First Five-Year Plan
2. 1960–1965 → Second Five-Year Plan
3. 1965–1970 → Third Five-Year Plan

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

• Lower Indus Plain is a major agricultural region.
• It lies between Mithan Kot and the Arabian Sea.
• It is formed by the Indus River and its tributaries.
• It includes parts of Sindh and southern Punjab.
• Indus River length in Pakistan – about 2,900 km (approx.)

Additional information:

• Upper Indus Plain – Northern Punjab
• Middle Indus Plain – Central Punjab

Last verified on 30-04-2026