Explanation

• GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
• It uses icons, windows, and menus for interaction.
• It is easier to use than command-based interfaces.
• MS-DOS and Apple DOS are command-line interfaces.

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• Spreadsheet software is used for calculations and data organization.
• MS Excel is a widely used spreadsheet program.
• It works with rows, columns, and formulas.

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, in Karachi.
• It was signed between Pakistan (President Ayub Khan) and India (Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru).
• It was brokered by the World Bank.

It became effective on April 1, 1960.

• Western Rivers (given to Pakistan): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
• Eastern Rivers (given to India): Ravi, Beas, Sutlej

Last verified on 30-03-2026

Explanation

• Rutherford’s gold foil experiment (1911) showed that an atom has a small, dense, positively charged center called the nucleus.
• The mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, while most of the atom is empty space.

Additional information:

• Nucleus contains: Protons (+) and neutrons (neutral)
• Electrons move around the nucleus in mostly empty space
• The experiment involved alpha particles being deflected by the nucleus.

Last verified on 10-02-2026

Explanation

• A communication system transfers information from sender to receiver.
• It requires a message to be sent.
• A transmission medium carries the message.
• Protocol defines rules of communication.

Additional information:

1. Sender = person who sends message
2. Receiver = person who receives message
3. Message = information/data
4. Medium = cable, wireless signals, etc.
5. Protocol = rules (e.g., HTTP, FTP)

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• Computers can be classified by size and capacity.
• Size-based classification includes micro, mini, mainframe, and supercomputers.
• These differ in speed, storage, and processing power.

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• First generation: 1940–1956
• Technology: Vacuum tubes
• Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC I
• Very large size and high power consumption
• Slow processing speed compared to modern computers

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table.
• No two records can have the same primary key value.
• It ensures data uniqueness and integrity.

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• Machine language uses binary code (0s and 1s).
• It is the lowest level programming language.
• Humans cannot easily read it.
• Therefore, a binary sequence represents machine language.

Last verified on 11-04-2026

Explanation

• OS functions: booting, process management, memory management
• Booting = starting the computer system
• I/O management = handling input and output devices
• Text editing = done by MS Word, Notepad
• OS acts as an interface between user and hardware

Last verified on 11-04-2026