Explanation

• Oligogenic resistance refers to vertical resistance in plants, controlled by one or a few major genes.
• It provides specific resistance against particular strains of pathogens.

Additional information:

• Vertical resistance can be easily overcome by pathogen evolution.
• Commonly used in breeding for disease-resistant crop varieties.

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed that causes severe damage to agriculture, livestock, and human health.
• Its global economic loss is estimated at about 36 billion dollars.

Additional information:

• Commonly known as Congress grass.
• It spreads rapidly due to high seed production and adaptability.

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• Reducing post-harvest losses can significantly increase the overall food supply.
• Studies show that food availability can be increased by about 10–20% through better storage, transport, and processing.

Additional information:

Major causes of post-harvest losses:

• Poor storage facilities
• Inadequate transportation
• Improper handling
• Pest infestation
• Lack of cold chain systems

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• Glycerin (glycerol) is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid.
• It is commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.

Additional information:

• Glycerin is non-toxic and safe in small quantities.
• It acts as a humectant, helping retain moisture.

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• A dormant seed is alive and viable but does not germinate even under favorable conditions.
• Dormancy is a protective mechanism to survive unfavorable environments.

Additional information:

• Dormancy can be broken by scarification, stratification, or temperature treatment.
• Dormant seeds ensure plant survival across seasons.

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• Xerophytes are plants adapted to survive in dry or low-water environments.
• They have special features to reduce water loss and store water.

Additional information:

Examples of xerophytes:

• Cactus
• Aloe vera
• Date palm
• Acacia
• Euphorbia

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Textiles are Pakistan’s largest export commodity.
• The textile sector plays a key role in Pakistan’s economy and foreign exchange earnings.

Additional information:
Major textile export items:

• Cotton yarn
• Readymade garments
• Bed wear
• Towels
• Knitwear

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Seeds with a short storage period lose their viability quickly.
• Such seeds can generally be stored for about 1–2 months under normal conditions.

Additional information:

Storage life of seeds:

• Short-lived seeds – 1–2 months
• Medium-lived seeds – 3–8 months
• Long-lived seeds – 9–12 months or more
• Onion seeds – short storage life
• Lettuce seeds – short storage life

Last verified on 19-02-2026

Explanation

• The Paris Peace Agreement was signed in 1973 to end the Vietnam War.
• It aimed to establish peace and end U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.

Additional information:

• Agreement signed: 27 January 1973
• War involved mainly: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, USA
• Duration of Vietnam War: 1955–1975
• U.S. troops withdrawal began in 1973
• Fall of Saigon: 1975

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Meristematic cells are undifferentiated cells capable of continuous division.
• They are responsible for the growth of plants in length and thickness.

Additional information:

Types of meristems:

• Apical meristem – root & shoot tips
• Intercalary meristem – nodes & internodes
• Lateral meristem – increase in girth
• Root meristem – root growth
• Shoot meristem – shoot growth

Last verified on 19-01-2026