Explanation

• Sugarcane setts are stem cuttings used for planting.
• Each sett should have a minimum of 3 buds to ensure proper sprouting and healthy plant growth.

Additional information:

• Sett length – 20–25 cm
• Planting depth – 5–7 cm in soil
• Spacing – 90–120 cm between rows
• Germination period – 10–15 days under optimal conditions

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Face-to-face communication occurs directly between two people.
• Known as interpersonal communication.
• Helps in clear understanding and immediate feedback.

Additional information:

• Non-verbal cues like gestures and expressions play an important role.
• Crucial in training, counseling, and extension services.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Delinting is the process of removing fibers (lint) from cotton seeds.
• Ensures smooth seed handling and uniform sowing.
• Commonly done before planting cotton seeds.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Delinting removes cotton fibers (lint) from seeds to improve seed handling and sowing.
• Concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is commonly used for chemical delinting.
• After treatment, seeds are washed thoroughly to remove acid residues.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is the major pest of cotton, attacking bolls, flowers, and leaves.
• Can also infest tomato, maize, and chickpea crops.
• Causes significant yield losses if not controlled.
• Managed through chemical sprays, pheromone traps, and biological control.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Imbibition is the process where seeds absorb water, swell, and become metabolically active.
• It is the first step in seed germination.
• Occurs due to osmosis and capillary action.

Explanation

• Denitrification is the process where nitrates in soil are converted to nitrogen gas by bacteria.
• It is more pronounced in waterlogged soils because low oxygen conditions favor denitrifying bacteria.

Additional information:

• Sandy soil: Well-drained, less denitrification
• Loam soil: Moderate drainage, moderate denitrification

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Certified seed is produced from Foundation seed.
• It is approved for farmers to use and sell in the market.
• Ensures high germination, purity, and true-to-type plants.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Aphids are small sap-sucking insects affecting many crops.
• They attack cereals, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, and oilseeds.

Additional information:

• In Wheat & Barley, aphids can spread Barley yellow dwarf virus.
• In Cotton & Sugarcane, they affect growth and leaf health.
• In Vegetables & Oilseeds, aphids reduce plant vigor and seed quality.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• The Training and Visit (T & V) system is an agricultural extension method to improve farming practices.

Components include:

• Researcher: Develops improved technologies and practices.
• Extension worker: Trains and visits farmers to transfer knowledge.
• Farmer: Implements new technologies on their fields.

Last verified on 31-01-2026