Explanation

 A dilute solution compared to cell concentration is termed hypotonic

This means the solution has a lower concentration of solutes (and a higher concentration of water) than the cell's internal environment. 

Explanation

Interstitial cells, specifically Leydig cells in the testes, secrete androgens, primarily testosterone, in response to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH).

These hormones are crucial for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and overall reproductive function. 

Explanation

 Plants that do not have adaptations to remove excess water from their cells in freshwater environments are xerophytes.

These plants are adapted to survive in dry, arid conditions and have evolved to conserve water, not to deal with excess water influx. 

Explanation

Excess melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted in Addison's disease

Because the adrenal glands are not producing enough cortisol

Which leads to an increase in ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Which in turn stimulates the production of MSH, resulting in hyperpigmentation (darkened skin). 

Explanation

The hormone that suppresses ovulation is progesterone. 

Progesterone, particularly high levels during pregnancy, prevents ovulation by inhibiting follicular development and providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus, reducing the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 

Explanation

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), also known as vasopressin.

It is released by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

ADH regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention and decreased urine production.

Explanation

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4184 joules, commonly used in food energy.

1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules, so 1000 cal = 4184 J.

Explanation

Aldol condensation can occur between two aldehydes, two ketones, or an aldehyde and a ketone if they have at least one α-hydrogen.

The reaction forms a β-hydroxy compound, which often dehydrates to an α,β-unsaturated product.

Explanation

Nitrobenzene reacts slower than benzene in electrophilic substitution due to the electron-withdrawing nitro group.

The NO₂ group deactivates the benzene ring, making it less reactive toward electrophiles.

Explanation

Raney nickel is prepared by treating a nickel-aluminum (Ni-Al) alloy with concentrated NaOH.

This process removes aluminum, leaving behind porous nickel, which acts as an excellent hydrogenation catalyst.