Explanation

The gold standard test for the diagnosis of COPD is spirometry.

It measures the volume and flow of air during inhalation and exhalation.

It providing key information to confirm airflow obstruction characteristic of COPD.

Explanation

The most likely diagnosis is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).

A premature systolic murmur on the left side with normal heart sounds is characteristic of VSD.

It often presents with a systolic murmur due to turbulent blood flow through the defect.

Explanation

I am seeing the doctor at 2.00 this afternoon, so I can’t go to the lecture.

This sentence uses the present continuous tense to indicate a scheduled future appointment.

Explanation

Certain poisonous substances in the body can delay the process of putrefaction. They include:

• Carbolic acid (Phenol)
• Arsenic and antimony
• Strychnine
• Nux vomica (plant)
• Zinc chloride, ZnCl2
• Morphine
• Aconitine

Putrefaction is referred the breaking down of the body of an animal post-mortem

Explanation

A person who has had a renal transplant should regulate protein intake.

Excessive protein can strain the kidneys and affect graft function, as kidneys filter nitrogenous waste from protein breakdown.

Monitoring protein helps manage kidney function and overall health.

Explanation

A 38-year-old male presents with fatigue, weight loss, recurrent sinusitis, epistaxis, and hematuria on urinalysis. He is ANCA positive.

The most likely diagnosis is Wegener's granulomatosis (now known as Granulomatosis with polyangiitis).

Explanation

Colonoscopy is the best investigation to confirm the diagnosis in a patient with a history of bloody diarrhea.

It allows direct visualization of the colon and can help identify conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer.

Explanation

Hypertension is not characteristic of Dengue Shock Syndrome.

The condition typically involves hypotension with narrow pulse pressure, plasma leakage, tender hepatomegaly, and tachycardia.

Explanation

CD4 T cells count is the best predictor of decline in immune function in HIV patients.

A lower CD4 count indicates more severe immune system impairment.

Explanation

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is consistent with symptoms.

Such as insomnia, nightmares, impulsivity, and difficulty in concentration following a traumatic event like rape.