Explanation

• A flower is made of different parts: Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, and Gynoecium.
• Petals are usually colorful and fragrant to attract pollinators.
• All petals together form a distinct part called the Corolla.

Additional information:

• Calyx is made of sepals, usually green, protecting the bud.
• Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of a flower (carpel/pistil).

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Powdery mildew is a fungal disease affecting the leaves and stems of plants.
• It appears as white powdery spots and reduces photosynthesis and crop yield.

Additional information:

• Other plants affected by powdery mildew include beans, grapes, and cucurbits.
• Control methods: fungicide spray, resistant varieties, proper spacing.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Before sowing, seeds are prepared to ensure healthy crop growth.
• This includes removing infested seeds, damaged seeds, and weeds.
• Proper seed preparation improves germination rate and crop yield.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Nutrients required by plants are classified into primary, secondary, and micronutrients.
• Primary nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K).

Additional information:

• Secondary nutrients: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S).
• Calcium strengthens cell walls and helps in growth of root and shoot tips.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Photosynthesis is an endogenic process in plants, meaning it produces energy-rich compounds.
• Requires light, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

Additional information:

• Formula: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• Occurs in chloroplasts, primarily using chlorophyll pigments.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Flax fibers are obtained from the stem of the flax plant.
• The process of separating flax fiber from the woody stem is called scutching.

Additional information:

• Scutching is done after retting to remove woody matter.
• Flax fiber is used for making linen, ropes, and textiles.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Herbicides are chemicals used to control unwanted plants (weeds).
• Some herbicides inhibit photosynthesis, preventing plants from producing energy.
• Paraquat is a widely used photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Leaf area reduction occurs when parasites attack a plant, causing loss of tissue or shrinkage.
• This reduction in size or function of the leaf is called atrophy.

Additional information:

• Atrophy reduces photosynthetic efficiency of plants.
• Common causes: parasitic plants, insects, or nutrient deficiencies.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Potato blight is a devastating plant disease caused by Phytophthora infestans.
• It led to the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852), causing mass starvation in Ireland.
• The disease affects potato leaves and tubers, causing rotting.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Organic farming requires that soil be free from synthetic chemicals.
• Certification of soil as organic ensures it meets these standards.
• Typically, organic matter certification requires 3 years of organic management.

Last verified on 23-01-2026