Explanation

1. P is the daughter of R → R is parent of P

2. N is the brother of P → N and P are siblings. So N is also child of R

3. R is the wife of S → S is father of P and N

4. S is the father of T → T is also child of S

So S is father of N, P, and T.  

That means N and T are siblings.

Answer: Brother

Last verified on 21-08-2026

Explanation

The given conditions do not produce a valid complete seating arrangement.

Let B = 1; since A is second right of B, A = 3.

C sits opposite A, so C = 7; D is immediately left of C, so D = 6.

E is second left of D, giving E = 4. The remaining positions are 2, 5, and 8 for F, G, and H.

Because F is not adjacent to B, F = 5 and G must be immediately right of F, which conflicts with the already occupied position of D.

The conditions are internally inconsistent, so the position opposite G cannot be determined.

Last verified on 21-08-2026

Explanation

Facing north: 

1. H at one end, 3 between H and D → H _ D

2. A right of D → D A → H _ _ _ D A

3. 2 between A and G, and B left of G → A _ B G

4. C second left of E → E _ C

5. F not at ends

Final order: D A C E B G F H

Immediately left of A is D

Last verified on 21-08-2026

Explanation

• Students were randomly assigned to read books, and afterward their vocabulary scores increased significantly.
• Random assignment helps reduce the influence of other factors that may affect vocabulary performance.
• The improvement occurred after the reading intervention, strengthening the connection between reading and vocabulary development.
• This provides stronger evidence than simply observing that regular readers score higher.

Last verified on 21-08-2026

Explanation

• No other major educational change explains the improvement.
• The university introduced compulsory attendance, and examination results improved one year later.
• To reasonably connect attendance with better results, other possible causes should be ruled out.
• If no other major educational change occurred, the improvement is more likely to be associated with compulsory attendance.
• This assumption therefore strengthens the causal claim.

Last verified on 21-08-2026